numbers 1-5 only Discuss some of the common themes emerging from the psychologic

Question

numbers 1-5 only

Discuss some of the common themes emerging from the psychological studies on competition and cooperation and their implications for sport and physical education. Describe the classic field experiments that Sherif and Sherif conducted at summer camps for boys. How were competition and hostility created and finally eliminated? What implications does this have for sport competition? Describe the four stages of Martens' model of competition, including examples of each stage. Discuss Orlick's basic philosophy of cooperative games. Make up three games that have cooperative means and cooperative ends and explain how they are cooperative. Discuss the effects of competition on deviance, academic achievement, and social or occupational mobility.

Explanation / Answer

1.Per se, no competition is good or bad. Its implications and outcomes, though, could be positive (such as boosted self confidence, esteem and fun throughout) or negative (such as prejudice, moral dilemma, obsession for winning, aggression, and cheating). Both competition and cooperation are a social process. Presence of competition and cooperation may give birth to conflict as both are contradictory emotions. Competition involves rewards and recognitions for the winners based on comparative judgment, whereas collective achievements and the team spirit form the basis of evaluation of performance in cooperation. It is the duty of teachers, physical educators, parents and coaches to ensure the experience is fun, educational, meaningful and enjoyable for athletes. Personal reflection, discussion, presentation and debriefing may be effective in resolving the conflicting situations that arise out of competition.

2.The event at Sherif and Sherif summer camp at boys also demonstrated the age-old conflict plaguing humanity across the globe. Assigning strangers to different groups and then throwing them in to competition resulted in a strife and conflict. Evidently, hostility naturally arises when competition for scarce resources (such as jobs, land, food, and power). The event once again proved that completion ends up doing more harm than good to sports. Therefore, it would be a nice idea to eliminate completion from sports. This way; athletes can enjoy the sports to the fullest without having to worry about winning or losing the game.

3.According to Marten, completion is a four stage process that includes:

This framework can help learners appreciate the determining factors behind competitive behavior and competitiveness.

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