6. Explain the concept of attachment and its different styles, and describe rese
ID: 3487684 • Letter: 6
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6. Explain the concept of attachment and its different styles, and describe research related to it, including the early studies by Harlow and Harlow and more recent work with the Strange Situation Classification created by Ainsworth. 7. Describe conditions in which the presence of others is likely to result in social facilitation, social inhibition, and social loafing. In addition explain the concept of groupthink and the conditions that contribute to its occurrence. 8. Define stress and differentiate between everyday stress, extreme stress, and prolonged stress. In addition, Identify specific physiological and behavioral responses to stress. 9.Describe the features and characteristic symptoms of anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias,obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder) and differentiate these anxiety disorders from each other. 10.Compare and Discuss the Differences between Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development and Erik Erickson’s. Which theory do you believe is more closely associated with your own beliefs. 6. Explain the concept of attachment and its different styles, and describe research related to it, including the early studies by Harlow and Harlow and more recent work with the Strange Situation Classification created by Ainsworth. 7. Describe conditions in which the presence of others is likely to result in social facilitation, social inhibition, and social loafing. In addition explain the concept of groupthink and the conditions that contribute to its occurrence. 8. Define stress and differentiate between everyday stress, extreme stress, and prolonged stress. In addition, Identify specific physiological and behavioral responses to stress. 9.Describe the features and characteristic symptoms of anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias,obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder) and differentiate these anxiety disorders from each other. 10.Compare and Discuss the Differences between Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development and Erik Erickson’s. Which theory do you believe is more closely associated with your own beliefs. 6. Explain the concept of attachment and its different styles, and describe research related to it, including the early studies by Harlow and Harlow and more recent work with the Strange Situation Classification created by Ainsworth. 7. Describe conditions in which the presence of others is likely to result in social facilitation, social inhibition, and social loafing. In addition explain the concept of groupthink and the conditions that contribute to its occurrence. 8. Define stress and differentiate between everyday stress, extreme stress, and prolonged stress. In addition, Identify specific physiological and behavioral responses to stress. 9.Describe the features and characteristic symptoms of anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias,obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder) and differentiate these anxiety disorders from each other. 10.Compare and Discuss the Differences between Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development and Erik Erickson’s. Which theory do you believe is more closely associated with your own beliefs.Explanation / Answer
Note: This response is in UK English, please paste the response to MS Word and you should be able to spot discrepancies easily. Also, I have cited sources for established definitions. It may be helpful if you need to follow any particular citation style.
6. Explain the concept of attachment and its different styles, and describe research related to it, including the early studies by Harlow and Harlow and more recent work with the Strange Situation Classification created by Ainsworth.
(Answer) John Bowlby defined attachment as a 'lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.'
“Attachment theory in psychology originates with the seminal work of John Bowlby (1958). In the 1930’s John Bowlby worked as a psychiatrist in a Child Guidance Clinic in London, where he treated many emotionally disturbed children. This experience led Bowlby to consider the importance of the child’s relationship with their mother in terms of their social, emotional and cognitive development.”
(source: simply psychology)
“Harlow wanted to study the mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond with their mothers.” Harlow’s findings indicated that, “The behavioural theory of attachment would suggest that an infant would form an attachment with a carer that provides food. In contrast, Harlow’s explanation was that attachment develops as a result of the mother providing “tactile comfort,” suggesting that infants have an innate (biological) need to touch and cling to something for emotional comfort.”
(source: simply psychology)
Strange situation classification by Ainsworth: This was a study where children were exposed to familiar caregivers and unfamiliar strangers and their alternating presence. The child’s responses were recorded. It was observed that the child’s anxiety level increased whenever they were left alone with the stranger.
Ainsworth identified three main attachment styles:
Secure (type B),
Insecure-avoidant (type A) and
Insecure-ambivalent/resistant (type C).
7. Describe conditions in which the presence of others is likely to result in social facilitation, social inhibition, and social loafing. In addition, explain the concept of groupthink and the conditions that contribute to its occurrence.
(Answer) Social facilitation: This occurs in a formal environment where people are formally introduced and familiarise themselves with each other. A business networking event is a good example of social facilitation.
Social inhibition: Social inhibition is when individuals are repressed because of an unfamiliar environment. For instance, if you are invited to dinner at the home of a new friend. People are usually shy and have inhibitions in such milieus.
Social loafing: It is when people are exposed to familiar environments or people around whom they can be “themselves.”
Groupthink: “Groupthink, a term coined by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972), occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment”
The best example for this is a group project. Where the deadline and classwork cause mental stress and the marking (or grade) system is the objective that forces the group to stick together and make things work.
8. Define stress and differentiate between everyday stress, extreme stress, and prolonged stress. In addition, Identify specific physiological and behavioral responses to stress.
(Answer) Definition – “A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.”
The major difference between everyday stress, extreme and prolonged stress is simply the duration for which the stress exists in the conscious, sub-conscious and unconscious mind. Everyday stress is experienced, dealt with and fades away upon addressing it. Extreme stress can cause mental breakdowns or shock. This is when too much is happening at once and the mind cannot cope. Prolonged stress is when long existing issues are piled up and unresolved.
When faced with a stressful situation, the physiological stress response consists of an activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
The “stress response,” comprised of activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), a parasympathetic withdrawal, and increased activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is the body’s general reaction to demands made on it (Kunz-Ebrecht, MohamedAli, Feldman, Kirschbaum, & Steptoe, 2003; Selye, 1975).
9.Describe the features and characteristic symptoms of anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias,obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder) and differentiate these anxiety disorders from each other.
(Answer) Anxiety disorder characteristics: “A mental health disorder characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities.”
Anxiety disorder features: Anxiety or worry about future events and fear during present situations.
Anxiety disorder symptoms: Increased heart rate, blood pressure and shakiness.
(sources: Apollo hospitals)
Differentiation: The triggers (causes) are the main source of difference in the types of disorders.
generalized anxiety disorder: Triggered by worry and anxious behaviour when contemplating future events and characterised by fear about future events.
panic disorder: Triggered by worry and anxious behaviour when a situation may not be within the parameters of what is planned and or familiar.
phobias: Triggered by fear of a particular thing, situation or person.
obsessive-compulsive disorder: Triggered by unreasonable obsessions and eventually leading to compulsive behaviours and anxiety.
post-traumatic stress disorder: Also known as “shell-shock” is triggered by memories of a traumatic and or shocking event.
10.Compare and Discuss the Differences between Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development and Erik Erickson’s. Which theory do you believe is more closely associated with your own beliefs.
Jean Piaget’s Stages of Development: Piaget’s stages of cognitive development –
Sensorimotor (0-2 years) Infant develops learning based on what is absorbed through the senses.
Preoperational (2-6 years) Child uses images to understand objects but does not understand them logically.
Concrete operational (7-12) Child can think logically about concrete objects. They can add, subtract and observe.
Formal operational (12 and up) The child understands abstract terms and is able to hypothesize.
Erik Erickson’s Stages of Development:
1 Trust vs Mistrust – Hope – (0-1 ½ years)
2 Autonomy vs. Shame – Will – (1 ½ - 3)
3 Initiative vs Guilt – Purpose – (3 – 5)
4 Industry vs inferiority – Competency – (5-12)
5 Ego identity vs. Role Confusion – Fidelity (12-18)
6 Intimacy vs. Isolation – Love – (18-40)
7 Generativity vs. Stagnation – Care – (40-65)
8 Ego Integrity vs. Despair - Wisdom – (65+)
Difference: Although Erikson’s stages of development are a bit more specific compared to Piaget’s, I prefer Piaget’s theory. This is because Erickson’s categories are too rigid whereas Piaget’s theory makes room for the consideration of individual personalities as well. Not every human on earth has a personality that adheres to Erikson’s theory. Even individuals who are normal and face normal circumstances.
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