1. Cardiovascular, Digestive, Respiratory and Excretory systems are all integrat
ID: 3483391 • Letter: 1
Question
1. Cardiovascular, Digestive, Respiratory and Excretory systems are all integrated in their functions in order to maintain homeostasis. What is the common component that must be considered in the function of the digestive, respiratory and excretory systems ?
2. In the body's systems above, there is usually a transport component and a component where the main purpose of the organ system takes place. For example, blood has to be transported via veins and arteries, but exchange takes place in the capillaries. Name as many other examples as you can think of within these systems.
3. How does each system work? What are the general mechanisms (for example, enzymatic action, mechanical action, diffusion, active/passive transport, osmosis, receptor-mediated actions, etc.)?
Explanation / Answer
1.The digestive system acts by breaking down the complex molecules into simple compounds like carbohydrates, sugars etc. Thus it provides energy to the system by providing ths essential nutrients to the body. The remaining that is digested food after absorption is sent to the intestine for elimination.The function of respiratory system is mainly gaseous exchange in the lungs. Then oxygen is absorbed into blood and carbon dioxide is eliminated out through nostrils. On the other hand excretory system performs its action by eliminating the waste and harmful products from the body.
Thus these system has a common component and action and works by eliminating the unwanted products and absorption of useful substances.
2. In digestive system the digested food is absorbed in small intestine by passing through the membrane of small intestine and after its absorption enters the blood stream and transported to all the body parts. The digested food is then passed to the large intestine and further absorption and digestion of molecules like water takes place then the undigested food is sent to colon and is finally excreted. The excretion is done via lungs , skin in form of sweat, urine and feces. The respiratory system aids the gaseous exchange , here lungs are the main organs involved. In alveoli the gases exchange between blood and bronchi takes place and the oxygen is absorbed into blood through alveoli.
The alveolar walls are extremely thin (about 0.2 micrometers). These walls are composed of a single layer of tissues called epithelial cells and tiny blood vessels called pulmonary capillaries.
Blood passes through the capillaries. The pulmonary artery carries blood containing carbon dioxide to the air sacs, where the gas moves from the blood to the air. Oxygenated blood goes to the heart through the pulmonary vein, and the heart pumps it throughout the body.
3. Digestive system acts by respective enzymes like liases , amylases , proteases , nucleases , lipases etc. These enzymes act by breaking the complex molecules . Then the digested food is absorbed in small intestine by active transport and the absorbed into blood by diffusion process. In case of excretion the main mechanism involves in the kidney. In glomerular filtration and renal tube secretion and absorption by active and passive transportation. The active transport requires energy consumption and passive donot. The simpler molecules eliminated by passive transport or passive diffusion and other by active transport. The renin–angiotensin system is a coordinated hormonal cascade of crucial importance in cardiovascular and renal function. The defecation and urination are major routes of excretion. Then the respiration mechanism oc action is gaseous exchange by considering the partial pressures
Air enters the nose through the nostrils. When air passes through the nose, it is warmed, moistened and filtered. The hairs present in the nose filter out particles in the incoming air. The air is moistened by the mucus present in the nose, and it is warmed by the blood flowing through the capillaries in the nose.
The respiratory tract from the nose to the bronchioles is lined by mucous membranes and cilia. The mucus and cilia act as additional filters.
From the larynx the air goes to the trachea, or the windpipe. The trachea is about 11 cm long. It is guarded by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings, which prevent the trachea from collapsing. The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi. Each bronchus divides and branches out in the form of thinner tubes called bronchioles. This occurs by diffusion of gases and by osmosis through skin. The oxygen binds to the haemoglobin molecules present in the red blood corpuscles and is taken to different parts of the body. Transportation of gases and it is catabolic process in which energy is consumed. The receptor mediated actions involved in the respiratory system is knowm to shown by progesteron which causes respiratory paralysis.
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