Hormonal regulation plays an important role in the long term control of blood pr

Question

Hormonal regulation plays an important role in the long term control of blood pressure. Identify the hormones outlined in this chapter that play a role in the long term regulation of blood pressure, how those hormones are regulated, and the mechanisms they use to affect blood pressure
Hormonal regulation plays an important role in the long term control of blood pressure. Identify the hormones outlined in this chapter that play a role in the long term regulation of blood pressure, how those hormones are regulated, and the mechanisms they use to affect blood pressure Hormonal regulation plays an important role in the long term control of blood pressure. Identify the hormones outlined in this chapter that play a role in the long term regulation of blood pressure, how those hormones are regulated, and the mechanisms they use to affect blood pressure

Explanation / Answer

Many hormones are involved in the regulation of blood
pressure.

1. Adrenaline
secreted by the adrenal medulla. it
acts through heart and blood vessels. It increases
systolic pressure by increasing the force of contraction
of the heart and cardiac output. It decreases diastolic
pressure by reducing the total peripheral resistance.
Adrenaline causes constriction of blood vessels
through alpha receptors. It also causes dilatation of
blood vessels through 2receptors
in skeletal muscle, liver and heart. So,
the total peripheral resistance is reduced leading to
decrease in diastolic pressure.

2. Noradrenaline
secreted by the adrenal medulla. . Noradrenaline increases diastolic pressure
due to its general vasoconstrictor effect . It
has stronger effects on blood vessels than on the heart.
It causes constriction of all blood vessels throughout
the body via alpha receptors. So it is called ‘general
vasoconstrictor’. The action of noradrenaline is to
increase the total peripheral resistance and diastolic
pressure.
It also increases the systolic pressure slightly, by
increasing the force of contraction of heart.
3. Thyroxine
Thyroxine secreted form thyroid gland increases
systolic pressure but decreases the diastolic pressure.
It increases the systolic pressure by increasing cardiac
output. The cardiac output is increased because of
increase in the blood volume and force of contraction
of the heart
Thyroxine has indirect action on diastolic pressure.
Large quantities of metabolites are produced during
increased metabolic activity induced by thyroxine. These
metabolites cause vasodilatation, leading to decrease
in peripheral resistance. It causes decrease in diastolic
pressure.

4. Aldosterone
Aldosterone is secreted from adrenal cortex. It causes
retention of sodium and water and thereby, increases
the ECF fluid volume and blood volume, leading to
increase in blood pressure. Thus, an increase in the
secretion of aldosterone increases the blood pressure
by increasing the blood volume

5. Vasopressin
Vasopressin or ADH, which is secreted by posterior
pituitary has a potent action on the blood vessels,
particularly the arteries. It causes constriction of the
arteries in all parts of the body. Due to the vasoconstriction,
the blood pressure is increased.

6. Angiotensins
Angiotensin II, III and IV, which are obtained from
angiotensinogen cause constriction of systemic
arterioles and elevate blood pressure

7. Serotonin

HORMONES WHICH DECREASE
BLOOD PRESSURE

1. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide
secreted in the stomach and small intestine.
this hormone is also secreted in large intestine. it is
a vasodilator and causes dilatation of peripheral blood
vessels and decrease in blood pressure.
2. Bradykinin is a vasodilator substance and causes
reduction in blood pressure.
3. Prostaglandins
Prostaglandin PGE2 is a vasodilator substance.
that lowers BP

4. Histamine- Histamine causes vasodilatation and decreases the
blood pressure.

5. Acetylcholine - it decreases BP

6. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
secreted by the atrial musculature of heart. It causes dilatation
of blood vessels and decreases the blood pressure

7. Brain Natriuretic Peptide
produced by the atrial musculature of heart. causes dilatation of blood vessels and
decreases the blood pressure

8. C-type Natriuretic Peptide
produced by several
tissues including myocardium and vascular endothelium.It decreases blood pressure by
vasodilatation.

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