Below is a list of letters. All of the letters are used to answer the following

Question

Below is a list of letters. All of the letters are used to answer the following questions. Each letter is used only once. Each answer is an acronym or abbreviation.

A A A C C C D D E F H M M N N P P P P P R R R R R S S S S T T T X Y Y   

A) Bacterial strain that contains an F factor integrated into the bacterial chromosome.   

B) Rapid method for amplification of DNA sequences without the use of host cells.   

C) Small molecule that binds to CAP to promote transcription of the lac operon.   

D) Alkylating agent widely used to induce mutations in model organisms.   

E) Cells that fail to grow in the presence of streptomycin.   

F) Attenuation is an important regulatory mechanism for this operon.   

G) Mutagenic agent that frequently causes large-scale chromosomal defects.   

H) Vector that preserves large fragments of foreign genomes in S. cerevisiae.

I) A variation in one nucleotide pair in DNA.

J) Molecule that terminates replication in the Sanger method of DNA sequencing.

Explanation / Answer

A) Bacterial strain that contains an F factor integrated into the bacterial chromosome: it is Hfr cel that contains F factor integrated to host chromosome by homologous recombination between plasmid and chromosome. (H)

B) Rapid method for amplification of DNA sequences without the use of host cells: PCR is the method used for amplification of DNA by using sample of DNA from a cell and not requires the presence of host. (P)

C) Small molecule that binds to CAP to promote transcription of the lac operon: The cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) activates the catabolite activator protein (CAP) to enable binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter and increases transcription of lactose operon. (C)

D) Alkylating agent widely used to induce mutations in model organisms: Ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) and ethylethane sulfonate (EES) are alkylating agents used to induce mutations in bacteria or other model organisms in genetic experiments. (E)

E) Cells that fail to grow in the presence of streptomycin: The cells fail to grow in presence of antibiotic are suceptible to antibiotic. The susceptible organisms are called streptomycin sensitive organisms. (S).

F) Attenuation is an important regulatory mechanism for this operon: Tryptophan (Trp) operon is regulated by attenuation mechanism. (T)

G) Mutagenic agent that frequently causes large-scale chromosomal defects: Alkylating agents induce mutations by donation of alkyl groups and result in chromosomal aberrations. (A).

H) Vector that preserves large fragments of foreign genomes in S. cerevisiae: Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is used as a vector derived from DNA of yeast S. cerevisiae and is used for ligation into a bacterial plasmid. The components of YAC include the ARS, centromere, and telomeres from S. cerevisiae. (Y)

I) A variation in one nucleotide pair in DNA: It is called as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or variation in a nucleotide pair (N)

J) Molecule that terminates replication in the Sanger method of DNA sequencing: It is a dideoxy nucleotide (dDNTP). (D)

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