Below is a external link to a document showing an example of the Type of literat

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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/evaluating-factors-influence-employment-among-city-resident-taremba




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Please i need this as detailed as possible please. Only answer if you can give 2-3 pages at the very least Report: Write an "extensive" Literature review and analysis on "-Unemployment -in -Africa - based on any "two (2) scientific articles at least" with reference citations. "Note: 2-3 pages at least.

Explanation / Answer

The economies of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are typified by high level of population growth. Population is a very helpful feature as soon as it approaches demographic dividend-engaging the crowded youths of the populace in productivity. In 2011, the population of the world arrived at 7billion and by 2050 it would increase in excess of 9 billion. At the moment, approximately 855 million people are residing in the LDCs. The total population of the 48 least developed countries is rising today almost twice as rapid as that of the developing world: at 2% per annum and 1.2% annually. Over the subsequent forty years the LDCs populace will rise by approximately 100% [1].

The LDCs populace has significant tests if the characters intrinsic in it are under-utilized to optimum capacity. Maybe, they are about to confront the greatest test in times gone by, creating adequate amount of jobs at reasonable salaries to take in their fast growing populations into industrious employment.

Nigeria has been experiencing population explosion for the past 50years due to high fertility rates, quadrupling its population overtime. On the day the Nigeria Population Commission (NPC) announced that our population was now a staggering 167, 912, 561 and is projected to hit 221, 392, 163 by July 1, 2020, hardly anyone paid attention. As described by the Regional Head of Research, Africa Global Research, Standard Chartered Bank, Razia Khan, “Nigeria’s big concern of course is whether sufficient employment opportunity can be generated to absorb the country’s growing pool of labour, and whether this can take place rapidly enough” (See www.NigeriaHealthwatch.com). Employment crisis, manifested in various forms of underemployment rather than open employment, have been the core problem plaguing the LDCs. This is partly due to high population growth rocking the LDCs. This is of serious concern to the citizens, economists, government and other analysts in the economy. This paper is guided by the following objectives: to examine population and employment trends in LDCs; to examine the population profile of Nigeria and to identify the factors responsible for the increased employment problems in Nigeria.

Review of Related Literature

More than two centuries ago reverend Thomas Malthus, in his “Essay on the principles of population” postulated the threshold population level at which population increase was bound to stop because life-sustaining resources, which increase at an arithmetic rate, would be insufficient to support human population, which increases at a geometric rate. Consequently, there is the tendency for population to outrun the means of subsistence, if nothing is being done to check the growth of population. It would be important to note that some LDCs’ problems are not due to lack of resources but mismanagement and corruption.

The employment problem, which includes open unemployment, underemployment, low wage employment, social exclusion, idleness etc., is noticeable in almost every market economy today. They are, however, more serious in the LDCs than in the Developed Countries. Commenting on the issue of unemployment in Cameroun and Ethiopia, Richard Curtain, a Professional Associate of the National Institute for Governance, Australia [2] opined that “Unemployment is still high among young people, moreover, and is exacerbated by the mismatch between vocational training and the employment needs of the economy. Unemployment manifests itself mainly in the form of underemployment. Open unemployment is concentrated in the urban areas. Youth unemployment is a major social problem.” This indicates the extent to which the problem of employment has really eaten into the economy of LDCs like a cankerworm.

According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) (See www.ilo.org), “unemployment is the share of labour force without work but available for and seeking employment”. Truly, those who are capable and enthusiastic to work nevertheless cannot find jobs at the current wage rate constitute a large share in the LDCs. According to Godday Odidi (Quoted from his article “Tackling youth unemployment: The way forward (www. the nigeriavoice.com), “Unemployment is defined as a state of people living in absolute joblessness which range fall between the ages of 20-40 while underemployment is a situation where people who are gainfully employed but not financially rewarding to authenticate their qualifications”.

Population and Unemployment Trends in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs)

As described by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the LDCs represent the

poorest and weakest segment of the international community. Extreme poverty, the structural weaknesses of their economies and the lack of capacities related to growth, often compounded by structural handicaps, hamper efforts of these countries to improve the quality of life of their people [1].

Since 1950, the populations of LDCs have increased tremendously, most of which are considered to have at least quadrupled. According to the no-change scenario of the United Nations, these populations are expected to increase multiple times by 2100 due to the high levels of fertility. With constant levels of fertility and mortality, Niger’s population would increase 57 times, Uganda’s population 4 times, and the population of Timor-Leste by almost 1 time. Only Afghanistan, Guinea, Guinea – Bissau and Timor-Leste has seen a mere tripling of their populations [3]. Such predictions would be a source of worry if the least LDCs, whose population growth rate triples that of the developing countries, are unable to meet the vast needs of growing numbers of people. Apart from the fast rate of population growth; the LDCs suffer from high dependency ratio - the proportion of the non-working population of a country to the total population. Because of the high dependency ratio, there is a lot of pressure on the resources.

Here, all cities’ populations are projected to increase. Population of some of these fast-growing cites have surpassed such projections. According to Egon Cossou (See article online – www.bbc.co.uk “Lagos aims to be Africa’s model mega city”), “the population of Lagos hit 18 million.....” This increase, juxtaposed with the problem of unemployment, would be as a result of non-absorptive employment opportunities for the large number of youths occasioned by increased Rural – urban migration.

Another thing that has been observed about urban unemployment in LDCs is that it is most serious for people between the ages of 15 and 24 - often these are people who have had some level of schooling. The LDCs Report of 2011 examined the urban population and labour participation rate in 2009. It was surprising to see that 87.7% of the population in Djibouti lives in the urban. Others included Angola (57.6%), Gambia (57.4%), Liberia (60.8%), Sao Tome and Principe (61.3%), Haiti (48.3%), and Yemen (31.2%) etc. The labour participation rates have not been encouraging as the large numbers going to the urban centers are not absorbed fully in productivity.

The fast rate of urban population in LDCs seems to be due to massive rural-urban migration, and high birth rate; but particularly the first factor. Most of the LDCs contribute to these problems by formulating policies – socio-economic policies that are urban biased – policy of building the urban centers as growth poles for the rest of the economy. Programmes designed to achieve these policies have resulted in substantial imbalance between the urban centers and the rural areas in terms of incomes, income-earning opportunities, modern jobs, and social amenities such as pipe borne water, electricity, health facilities and educational infrastructures.

A paper presented by Lucy Chang et al., written by A. G. Blomqvist, on “urban job creation and unemployment in LDCs: Todaro vs. Harris and Todaro”, stated thus: “Many urban centers in developing countries are plagued by high rates of unemployment Yet, despite the fact that large numbers of urban workers are unemployed, urban centers still experience high rates of rural-to-urban migration. A natural policy response has been to focus on job creation in urban sector, which in some cases has actually led to an increase in unemployment”. Hence it can be deduced that the urban centers of the LDCs have been growing without creating jobs. This problem is still compounded, causing a menace due to “expectation mechanism” – a situation where people continue to migrate to the urban centers in search of jobs, even if such opportunities are not available.

Lack of Population Control

Lack of population is also a factor that causes employment problems. The number of jobs available will determine the number of youths to be employed in any country. The Nigerian government was able to provide jobs for its youths in the past because the population of the country then was not as much as it is now. The rate at which Nigerians give birth should be limited as uncontrolled procreation contributes more to the challenges facing the country.

Lack of Mental Skill and Practicability

This has been analyzed previously. There is always the saying that ‘Nigerian graduates are unemployable’. This is possible as the education system is degraded when it come to preparing potential graduates for the labour market. As described by Akpakpan [8] “Education has not produced effects that were expected in Nigeria: the knowledge, skills and attitudes by which economies and societies are transformed”. This is evident as graduate no longer care for knowledge but certificate thereby missing the essential ingredients for human capital development.

Corruption

Corruption is a cankerworm that has eaten deeply into the Nigerian economy. This also has exacerbated the problem of employment in Nigeria, a country with abundant resources. As Good Wilson puts it, “In the case of Nigeria, the problem however, is not due to lack of land, water, labour etc. as they are all available in abundance, but that of inability to mobilize the abundant resources occasioned by corruption and mismanagement to provide adequate opportunities for the country’s seemingly teeming population”.

Inspirited Entrepreneurship Drive

It is important to note that entrepreneurship drive in Nigeria is diluted with ineptitude among youths. The environment is hostile and unpleasant for entrepreneurship to strive. According to Adawo et al. [9-13], “The Nigerian infrastructural system limits entrepreneurial effectiveness and is a barrier to success. Lack of electricity, poor communication system, insecurity and corruption are all inimical to entrepreneurship, the spirit of entrepreneurship does not sit high in people’s economic consciousness”. Truly, the hostile environment blurs the wonderful prospect of a large number of youth to develop a well-spirited drive for entrepreneurial success.

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