1) In the following fill-in-the-blank questions, we will be tracing the path of
ID: 3480201 • Letter: 1
Question
1) In the following fill-in-the-blank questions, we will be tracing the path of an oxygen molecule into the body through all five "phases" of respiration.
In phase 1, known as pulmonary ???, our oxygen molecule flows into the body through the bulk motion of air. Air, like all fluids, moves whenever there is a difference in ???. To take air into the lungs, this difference is created by expanding the chest cavity using the muscles of ???. The muscles of normal, "quiet" breathing are the ??? and the ??? intercostals. To take a "deep" breath, we add extra muscles, such as the ???.
---
This phase -- what most people think of as "breathing" -- is easily the one most likely to experience problems that come up in a clinical setting. Such problems are usually diagnosed with ??? function tests, such as the ??? we did in class. These tests can help us divide breathing problems into two categories.
The most common category is the ??? disorders, which decrease the ??? of air leaving the lungs. Examples of this category are ???. Patients with this category of disorder usually show decreased ???
The less common, but more serious, category is the ??? disorders, which decrease the ??? of air the lungs can take in. Examples of this category are ???. Patients with this category of disorder usually show decreased ???
2) On its way into the lungs, the oxygen molecule has to travel through the ??? zone, starting with the ??? respiratory tract. Air passes through the external ??? into the nasal ???, then passes back into the nasal ??? with its three ??? that remove debris from the air.
After this "cleaning step," air passes through the choana, where it passes through the ??? then the ??? then the ??? on its way to the ???, where it may cause the ??? to vibrate. Here, the air enters the ??? respiratory tract.
Now the air moves down the ???, gets split left/right at the bottom by a cartilage called the ???, then begins its way through the many branches of the ??? "tree", until it reaches a terminal ???.
Finally, air is ready to enter the ??? zone, starting with one last ???, then an ??? duct or sac, and ending in one of the ??? where ??? occurs.
3) In Phase 2, known as ??? respiration or ??? gas exchange, our oxygen molecule diffuses across the ??? membrane into the ???.
Since oxygen is not very soluble in water, it must now be carried by ???. Fortunately, this molecule has a high affinity for oxygen in high-oxygen environments like the alveolar capillaries.
4) Phase 3 is simply the ??? of oxygenated blood throughout the body, which continues until it reaches a tissue in need of oxygen.
When it reaches a low-oxygen environment, oxygen's carrier ??? goes into a low-affinity "unloading" mode and oxygen leaves the blood during phase 4, ??? respiration or ??? gas exchange.
5) Finally, oxygen is actually consumed during phase 5, ??? respiration. In this stage a series of chemical reactions in the ??? of each cell convert oxygen and fuel to ATP energy and a collection of waste products including ???, which must then make its way out of the body by following most of these steps in reverse.
I say "most" of these steps because, unlike oxygen, this waste product is chemically modified so that it can be carried in the blood. In the red blood cells, an enzyme converts it to ???, which is in equilibrium with ???. Together, these chemicals form an important part of the buffer system that maintains our body's pH.
6) You are talking with a patient who has some gallstones. The patient wants to know why she has lost too much weight lately. You have to explain the following:
Gallstones are large deposits of cholesterol that mistakenly made it into the gallbladder from the organ that processes cholesterol, bile, and bilirubin, the ???. Since the gallstones are blocking the way out of the gallbladder, the patient is unable to release enough bile during digestion for it to effectively ??? fats and oils, so the patient is losing weight.
The pressure of the gallbladder on the pancreas is also making the patient lose pancreatic enzymes, such as ??? that helps digest proteins, pancreatic ??? that helps digest fats and oils, and pancreatic ??? that helps digest starches. Without being able to digest these foods completely, the patient is losing weight.
7) You are out on a hiking adventure and brought along a protein bar for some extra fuel. When you eat this healthy snack, what happens to all of the protein?
In your oral cavity, the protein is ??? (mechanical digestion) and ??? (chemical digestion).
Following deglutination and ???, the bolus of food lands in your ???, where it is ??? by the acidic environment (mechanical digestion) and also ??? (chemical digestion).
Exiting the ??? sphincter into the duodenum, the protein-containing chyme is now mixed by ??? (mechanical digestion) with enzymes from the ???. Starting now, polypeptides will be further ??? (chemical digestion).
As they reach the enterocytes of the small intestine, the remaining small polypeptides will be ??? by brush border enzymes such as ??? (chemical digestion) just before they ??? (absorption) and are then carried to the ??? on their way to the heart and, from there, the rest of the body.
Explanation / Answer
The answers are underlined. The question is omitted in the write-up. The answers were challenging as one cannot predict what specific word the teacher was looking for. Alternate answers are provided with 'or' mentioned.
1. In phase 1, known as pulmonary ventilation, our oxygen molecule flows into the body through the bulk motion of air. Air, like all fluids, moves whenever there is a difference in pressure. To take air into the lungs, this difference is created by expanding the chest cavity using the muscles of inspiration. The muscles of normal, "quiet" breathing are the diaphragm and the external intercostals. To take a "deep" breath, we add extra muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid, anterior serrati and scaleni.
This phase -- what most people think of as "breathing" -- is easily the one most likely to experience problems that come up in a clinical setting. Such problems are usually diagnosed with pulmonary function tests, such as the Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)/Forced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FVC) we did in class. These tests can help us divide breathing problems into two categories.
The most common category is the obstructive lung disorders, which decrease the escape/movement of air leaving the lungs. Examples of this category are Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) and asthma. Patients with this category of disorder usually show decreased FEV1/FVC ratio or Tiffeneau-Pinelli index.
The less common, but more serious, category is the restrictive lung disorders, which decrease the amount of air the lungs can take in. Examples of this category are Interstitial lung diseases and pneumonits. Patients with this category of disorder usually show decreased total lung capacity.
2. On its way into the lungs, the oxygen molecule has to travel through the conducting zone, starting with the upper respiratory tract. Air passes through the external nares into the nasal passage, then passes back into the nasal cavity with its three turbinates or conchae that remove debris from the air.
After this "cleaning step," air passes through the choana, where it passes through the pharynx then the larynx then the trachea on its way to the bronchi, where it may cause the vocal folds or vocal cords to vibrate. Here, the air enters the lower respiratory tract.
Now the air moves down the trachea, gets split left/right at the bottom by a cartilage called the carina, then begins its way through the many branches of the bronchial "tree", until it reaches a terminal bronchioles.
Finally, air is ready to enter the respiratory zone, starting with one last respiratory bronchiole, then an alveolar duct or sac, and ending in one of the alveoli where gaseous exchange occurs.
3) In Phase 2, known as external respiration or alveolar gas exchange, our oxygen molecule diffuses across the alveolar or respiratory membrane into the pulmonary capillaries or pulmonary blood.
Since oxygen is not very soluble in water, it must now be carried by haemoglobin. Fortunately, this molecule has a high affinity for oxygen in high-oxygen environments like the alveolar capillaries.
4) Phase 3 is simply the transport of oxygenated blood throughout the body, which continues until it reaches a tissue in need of oxygen.
When it reaches a low-oxygen environment, oxygen's carrier haemoglobin goes into a low-affinity "unloading" mode and oxygen leaves the blood during phase 4, internal respiration or tissue gas exchange.
5) Finally, oxygen is actually consumed during phase 5, cellular respiration. In this stage a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria of each cell convert oxygen and fuel to ATP energy and a collection of waste products including carbon dioxide, which must then make its way out of the body by following most of these steps in reverse.
I say "most" of these steps because, unlike oxygen, this waste product is chemically modified so that it can be carried in the blood. In the red blood cells, an enzyme converts it to bicarbonate ions, which is in equilibrium with hydrogen ions. Together, these chemicals form an important part of the buffer system that maintains our body's pH.
6. Gallstones are large deposits of cholesterol that mistakenly made it into the gallbladder from the organ that processes cholesterol, bile, and bilirubin, the liver. Since the gallstones are blocking the way out of the gallbladder, the patient is unable to release enough bile during digestion for it to effectively absorb fats and oils, so the patient is losing weight.
The pressure of the gallbladder on the pancreas is also making the patient lose pancreatic enzymes, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase that helps digest proteins, pancreatic lipase, esterase and phospholipase that helps digest fats and oils, and pancreatic amylase that helps digest starches. Without being able to digest these foods completely, the patient is losing weight.
7. In your oral cavity, the protein is chewed or masticated (mechanical digestion) and broken down to smaller proteins (chemical digestion).
Following deglutination and swallowing, the bolus of food lands in your stomach, where it is denatured by the acidic environment (mechanical digestion) and also broken down to polypeptides (chemical digestion).
Exiting the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum, the protein-containing chyme is now mixed by peristalsis (mechanical digestion) with enzymes from the pancreas. Starting now, polypeptides will be further broken down to peptides (chemical digestion).
As they reach the enterocytes of the small intestine, the remaining small polypeptides will be broken down to amino acids by brush border enzymes such as exopeptidases, endopeptidases and dipeptidase (chemical digestion) just before they are abosorbed (absorption) and are then carried to the blood on their way to the heart and, from there, the rest of the body.
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.