Part 2 next page of this document, you will find the urinalyses from four patien

Question

Part 2 next page of this document, you will find the urinalyses from four patients, along with basic information about each or each individual, write a short essay (a few sentences) explaining the abnormalities and what disorder(s) might be occurring. It is perfectly fine if you are not able to determine exactly what is wrong: explaining multiple possible diagnoses is fine. Proper sentence structure, grammar, and spelling REQUIRED Part 3-10 points Answer the following short essay questions. Proper sentence structure, grammar, and spelling REQUIRED. Place full references at the end of this section. (In-text citations are not required.) . Describe the stimuli that cause an increase in the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Where are the target cells for aldosterone located (be specific!)? How does aldosterone exert its effects on these cells (once bound to these cells, what does it cause them to do)? How does aldosterone influence the movement of Na+ and K+ between the filtrate and the peritubular capillaries? 1. 2. Describe the stimuli that cause an increase in the release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland. Where are the target cells for ADH located (be specific!)? How does ADH exert its effects on these cells (once bound to these cells, what does it cause them to do)? How does ADH influence the movement of water between the filtrate and the peritubular capillaries?

Explanation / Answer

Part 2.

Sample 1 : The presence of of glucose in urine indicates that the patient is suffering from diabetes (mostly type 1 and rarely type 2). The fruity odor and increased urination further confirms the diabetic nature. The odor is due to the excess ketones. Ketones are formed when there is Insufficient insulin in the body.

Sample 2 : The cloudy appearance indicates the presence of either urinary tract or vaginal infection (subject being female). The cloudy appearance may be due to bacteria, mucus, RBC and WBC due to infection. In this case, presence of RBC os observed.

Sample 3 : This patient js suffering from severe urinary tract infection. This is why the patient has fever and back pain. The reasons for concluding the UTI is given below

The urine is alkaline in nature and increased specific gravity indicates that the urine is more concentrated.

Proteinuria (high albumin) and hematuria (increased RBC and WBC.

Increased nitrites is due to the presence of bacteria which is causing the infection. It converts nitrates to nitrites.

The presence of RBC cast indicates that there is infection in urind.

Sample 4 : The patient is a heavy drinker and hence there should be obstruction in the bile duct (liver). The flow of bile into the gall bladder is disturbed due to drinking habit. That is why the bilirubin content is very high. It can be concluded that the patient is suffering from liver damage.

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