Fillin the followving chart For each hormone, neurocrine, or paracrine include t

Question

Fillin the followving chart For each hormone, neurocrine, or paracrine include the specific cells that maka tne chemical signal, where it is released and in response to what (where applicable), the target cell, and targe Physiological response Cells that Synthesize, Target Cell(s) Organ/ tissue released from, in response to.. G cells of within gastric Parietal cells of the glands of the atrium ofstomach the stomach Released in response to the presence of peptides vagal stimulation, or enteric neural output Hormone Secretion of HCI Gastrin Increases motility of the stomach resulting in increased churning and chyme production Parietal cells Acetylcholine (neurocrine) Histamine (paracrine) Enterochromaffin like Secretion of HCI cells (ECL) Enteroendocrine cells (specifically S cells) of duodenal intestinal glands In response to acidic contents of stomach emptying into the duodenumm Protein, fat and acid in1.) the duodenum 1.) Stimulates the release of pancreatic zymogens 2.)Results in gallbladder contraction causing the release of bile into the duodenum Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (a.k.a. Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide 1.) pancreas 2.) parietal cells 14

Explanation / Answer

Ans:

2. Acetylcholine (neurocrine)

Cell synthesis: Synthesized in neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from choline and acetyl-CoA. released by motor neurons of CNS for muscle activation. Required for CNS and PNS activity.

Target area: Acetylcholine works as a neurotransmitter in brain. Two class of cholinergic receptors includes nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic bind nicotine which is linked to ionic channels.

Physiological action: Nicotinic receptors activation results in the opening of the channel which in turn increases the Na+ movement into the target cell and thus results in the depolarization and generation of the action potential. While muscarinic binds to muscarine and upon its receptor activation the postsynaptic cells be excitatory or inhibitory and is always slow in onset and long in duration and the G protein activation results in the actions of the muscarinic receptors.

3. Histamine (paracrine)

Target cell: Parietal cells. Histamine binds to H2 receptors in the stomach and starts acid secretion by parietal cells. This process is targeted by heartburn drugs hnown as H2 receptor blockers.

4. Hormone: Secretin

Target cell: acinar cells of the pancreas

Physiological action: With the release of Hcl from the stomach into the duodenum secretin enters the bloodstream and thus stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas for the release of water and bicarbonate into the pancreatic ducts that exhaust into the duodenum for the neutralization of Hcl.

5. Hormone: Cholecystokinin

Target cell: 1. Pancrease: It release enzymes from the pancreas and the action is known as pancreozymin

2. Gallbladder. It also results in the contraction of the gallbladder which in turn force bile into duodenum.

6. Gasteric inhibitory peptide

Cell Synthesis: Secreted by the K cells of mucosal epithelial in the first compartement of the small intestine.

Physiological action: It blocks the secretion of Hcl into the stomach and also increases insulin secretion by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans and thus results in an increase in serum insulin concentrations which is considerably higher after consuming glucose.

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