28. An example of elastic cartilage is found in: a. The elbow. b. The nose. c. T
ID: 3476280 • Letter: 2
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28. An example of elastic cartilage is found in: a. The elbow. b. The nose. c. The rib cage. d. The ear. 29. when skin is exposed to winter temperatures, to retain heat, the cutaneous blood vessels while during the summer, to loose heat, they . a. Darken, lighten. b. Constrict, dilate. c. Lighten, darken. d. Dilate, constrict. resorbs bone. lays down new bone and the The a. Osteon, osteoclast. b. Osteoblast, osteoclast. c. Osteoblast, osteon. d. Osteoclast, osteoblast. 30. 31. )Which vitamin is important for optimal bone development? d. D Which vertebra has no body? a. b. c. d. 32. Sacral. Thoracic. Atlas. Lumbar. 33. _Which joint is most susceptible to sports injuries? a. Elbow. b. Knee. c. Hip d. Shoulder. 34. Short Essay When there is a drop in blood calcium level, how is the calcium level restored? Please indicate the steps involved. Enter the answer on this page.l 5 points)Explanation / Answer
Answer for 28. an Elastic cartilage is a composition of water, glycosaminoglycans: (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfates), lamellae and elastic fibres and cells. These elastic fibres provide great flexibility so that they can withstand frequent bending. In most of the mammals including humans elastic cartilage is found in the epiglottis(part of larynx) and pinnae(external ear flaps). So the answer is d. the ear.
Answer for 29. Our body is said to be biological thermostatic which automatically adjusts according to tempearture change in environment. It involves complex of physiological phenomenon majorly by hypothalamus of our brain, and affinity of post junctional alpha-adrenoreceptors of norepinephrine. hypothalamus regulates by means of thermo regulatory reflex center which will send output signals across a motor pathway to effectors such as cutaneous blood vessels, skeletal muscles, sweat glands and glands that secrete hormones that speed up cellular respiration. Besides in cold environments, a marked increase in affinity of alpha-adrenoreceptors of norepinephrine occurs. All these phenomenon ultimately constricts cutaneous blood vessels and results in cessation of blood flow to the distal tissue. This will maintain blood supply to essential organs such as brain, heart and other major functions to survive. Cutaneous blood vessels dilate during summer in order to loose heat from the body which can be symptomised in the form of flushing over the skin.
answer for 30. Osteoblasts are major building blocks and cellular components of bone and they arise from mesenchymal stem cells. these are like active babies with chubby cheeks(cuboidal cells) and plays key role in forming bone tissue, usually present in large numbers at periosteum(thin connective tissue layer on outside of bones). when bone forming unit becomes inactive these osteoblasts matures to adults and converts to flattened and are called as osteocytes. Other functions include regulation of osteoclast function by keeping them in control to minimize resorption of bone. this can be done by producing osteoprotogerin, which binds to RANKL to prevent interaction of osteoclast to RANK so that osteoclast differentiation stops.
Osteoclasts gets activated by help of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor ligand) and M-CSF (Macrophage colony-stimulating factor). once they activated, moves to microfracture of bone and releases hydrogen ions through the action of carbonic anhydrase into the resorptive cavity, acidifying and promoting dissolution of the mineralized bone matrix into calcium, H3PO4, H2CO3, water and other substances.
Answer for 34. Drop in blood calcium level is termed as Hypocalcemia. the condition can occur due to different etiological factors. To restore the condition to normal levels, it is important to know the source of cause for hypocalcemia.
firstly, main reasons for hypocalcemia is Increased calcitonin, decreased parathyroid hormone and vitamin D deficiency, hypomagnesemia (secondary hypocalcemia)
1. rule out the causes for hypocalcemia, like endocrine disorders, drugs like bisphosphonates, chemotherapy, oestrogen replacement therapy, insulin etc. Avoid these causes, regulate the disease condition and withdrawl of susceptable drugs
2. Give 10ml of calcium gluconate injection by slow IV if necessary give infusion 40 ml for 24 hrs.
3. Oral Calcium supplements such as shelcal, C-cal tablets 500mg to 1000mg based on body weight and condition or chewable tablets.
4. monitor serum calcium levels and magnesium levels if required
5. if calcium levels are not restored add vitamin-D supplements which increases the absorption of calcium through gastro intestinal tract.
6. avoid caffeine and phosphates(soda) which reduces absorption of dietary calcium into GIT.
7. rich source of calcium supplements - milk, red beans, salmon etc.,
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