OT Jenny had never been happy with her nose, and she had saved for three years f
ID: 3474967 • Letter: O
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OT Jenny had never been happy with her nose, and she had saved for three years for the surgery. She consulted a plastic surgeon, and scheduled surgery for summer vacation. A few days after surgery Jenny was changing the dressings of gauze on her nose when she noticed increased swelling and pain at the incision site. By the next day she had a fever above 100 F. Jenny went back to the surgery clinic, where they took a swab of pus from the infected area for culture and prescribed an antibiotic. The next day the lab called to report that Jenny had a Staphylococcus aureus infection. The surgery and the nasal packing with gauze provided both an area for bacterial proliferation and an environment that contained air pockets giving the bacteria necessary amounts of oxygen for growth S. aureus is a gram positive, nonmotile, catalase positive, coccus found on the outside df the body, especially around the nose. About 30% of the population carries S. aureus at any particular time, and about 2/3 of people are at least occasional carriers. The bacteria induce localized infiammation that causes capilary endothelial cell damage and gives the bacteria access to the circulation. S. aureus produces an antiphagocytic capsule and surface adhesins. In addition to catalase, it also secretes protease, lpase, and hyaluronidase that destroy tissue, and coagulase that converts fibrinogen to a fibrin clot inside which the bacteria can grow. Many strains of S. aureus produce exotoxins and some strains are antibiotic resistant. Fortunately for Jenny, the S. aureus infecting her nose did not produce toxic shock syndrome toxin or exfoliative toxin, and her infection responded quickly to antibiotics. QUESTIONS 1. List as bullets with brief descriptions and in approximate chronological order the steps in the innate response to a bacterial infection. Include both the cells and the molecules that are involved in the response to the bacteria and what each does Example Bacteria penetrate the skin and mucous membrane barriers through the surgical incision and enter the deeper layers of tissue Bacteria begin to replicate at the site of infection. .At the site of infection, 2. How do phagocytes eliminate pathogens? What group of pathogens are most easily phagocytosed and why? 3. What is inflammation? What are the four signs'symptoms and what causes them? What is the purpose of inflammation? How are leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) signaled where to leave the circulation and enter the infection site? 4. What is complement? In what three ways is complement activation initiated and what are the three functions of complement?Explanation / Answer
1. i) S. aureus penetrates cells of skin and enters into the endothelial membrane.
ii) Bacteria cause inflammation and then damages to capillary endothelial cells.
iii) Now bacteria enter into blood where it attaches to RBCs by their surface adhesions.
iv) Bacteria are producing enzymes to coagulate fibrinogen, which helps bacteria to grow and enhance the population more.
2. Phagocytes like macrophages and leucocytes kill bacteria and fungi like microbes by engulfing them. They recognize pathogens by various pathogen indications particles like Major Histocompatibility complexes.
3. Inflammation is a mechanism uses for protecting from illegal activities inside the body. Dead cells, pathogens, chemical reaction can enhance movement of plasma and leucocytes in the affected region. Its accumulation increases temperature to destroy cells.
The symptoms of inflammation are Redness, joint pain, fever, headache, these causes by white blood cells’ activity in the body. Cells kill the abnormal and unwanted cells, this releases blood to the part of the body. That makes redness and pain.
Leukocytes find locations by chemical responses from integrin binding of substrates and pathogens. The substrates are cells and they have G protein coupled receptors, which helps to find leuckosytes.
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