Malnutrition of children is a profound global problem, and protein deficiencies

Question

Malnutrition of children is a profound global problem, and protein deficiencies are the most common form of childhood malnutrition. Why are people so vulnerable to protein deficiencies? Explain how and why the absorption of hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic molecules differs. List three major roles played by each class of foodstuffs: proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Many of the most important vertebrate species in agriculture and aquaculture are foregut, midgut, or hindgut fermenters. Name an example of each, and discuss why species of this sort have advantages in agriculture and aquaculture. Explain why wastage of essential amino acids can occur and how eating two foods simultaneously can prevent wastage. Many species of hindgut fermenters, including horses, eat their feces to a greater extent when they have protein insufficiency than when they have plenty of protein. How might increase fecal consumption help? It can be difficult or impossible to find a single diet that will serve the needs of both an herbivore and a carnivore. If you were trying to determine if two related species, one an herbivore and the other a carnivore, differ genetically in their digestive enzymes or absorption transporters, why would it be important to try to find a common diet for your test subjects of both species?

Explanation / Answer

Ans Q1:

Causes of Protein Energy Malnutrition

The following are the most important factors responsible:

1.Inadequacy of dietary intake may be due to several reasons such as:

a. Low purchasing power; inappropriate choice of foods; non-availability of foods.

b. Prolonged breastfeeding, late introduction of supplementary foods.

c. Diarrhea and intestinal parasitism in children due to unhy­gienic feeding habits.

d. Shortening the period of breastfeeding without satisfactory supplements.

2. Lack of knowledge.

Ignorance of the requirements of a growing child and the improper use of available resources.

3.. Traditions, Customs-and-Beliefs

often responsible for certain food habits. Even child-rearing practices in the rural areas (ignorant older girls in the family are given charge of looking after the young infant) are responsible for this deficiency.

Ans Q2:

Hydrophilic :

having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water

Hydrophobic:

lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water

Example:Absorption of water soluble nutrients(water soluble vitamins B-complex/E/K/C) -nutrients dissolved in water and absorbed by body along with water

Whereas hydrophobic nutrients(lipids) have to be emulsified by bile acids in the gut(stored and released from Gall Bladder) ,which forms micelles.On exposure to a large aggregate of lipids, the hydrophobic portions of bile acids intercalate into the lipid, with the hydrophilic domains remaining at the surface. Such coating with bile acids aids in breakdown of large aggregates or droplets into smaller and smaller droplets before being reabsorbed via portal circlution,and sent to liver for further processing.

Ans Q2:

Carbohydrates-functions within the body:

Protein -functions in the body

Lipids- Functions in the body

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