Drugs to alleviate pain are often administered during childbirth via epidural in

Question

Drugs to alleviate pain are often administered during childbirth via epidural injections. During this pro the needle used to administer the drug A) pieces the pia mater of the spinal cord B) pierces the dura mater of the spinal cord c) does not pierce the dura mater Morphine binds to the mu(mu)-receptor which ____ GABA, which results in ___ dopamine. a) increases, decreases b) decreases, decreases c) increases, increases d) decreases, increases A decrease in dopamine neurons seen in the Substantia nigra region of the brain would lead to a) uncontrolled tremors and shakes b) an increase in speed during running c) hyperactivity d) dopamine does not control movement and hence no effect

Explanation / Answer

42. Option c is correct. In epidural injection needle is inserted into the epidural space for threading of small tube or catheter. The needle is then carefully removed, leaving the catheter in place to provide medication either through periodic injections or by continuous infusion. The epidural space is the area between duramater (a membrane) and vertebral wall. Hence the needle cross only vertebral wall to reach epidural space.

43. The correct option is d. Morphine binds to the mu receptor and inhibit the release of GABA ( gamma amino butyric acid,a neuro transmiiter). GABA normally reduces the level of dopamine. Hence binding of morphine to mu receptors causes inhibition of GABA release which results in the increased level of dopamine.

44.Option a is correct. A decrease in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain would lead to parkinsons disease which is characterized by uncontrolled tremors and shakes.

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