Explain exactly how the vein is used in bypass surgery. Explain the structural a

Question

Explain exactly how the vein is used in bypass surgery. Explain the structural and functional differences between a vein and an artery. Explain concerns in using a vein as an artery based on these structural and functional differences? Read sections 19.2 through 19.5 in your textbook. Then describe innate immunity (non specific) and adaptive immunity (specific) and give 2 examples mechanism of each. Cystic fibrosis is a disease that affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. Explain how a person gets cystic fibrosis, what is defective in a person's body that has this, and what effects it has on both the respiratory and digestive systems. Please provide information on treatments or therapies for patients with cystic fibrosis. Little Jimmy is 4 1/2 Vi years old. He and his mother are waiting to check out at the grocery store. Jimmy's mom has had a long day at work, had to rush to pick little Jimmy up from daycare and is ready to get home. Suddenly. Little Jimmy sees a toy he wants from the store. He starts to fuss and complain. When his tired mother refuses another purchase due to a very tight budget. Little Jimmy says he is going to hold his breath until he dies if he doesn't get the toy. This mom is tempted to spend the money to shut him up. but she has recently taken an anatomy and physiology class and tells him to go ahead. Explain how she knows Little Jimmy won't be able to hold his breath until he dies. (And besides, if he is holding his breath he is quiet J) Achlortiydria is a condition in which the stomach stops producing hydrochloride acid and other secretions. What effect does achlorhydria have on the digestive process? Explain. Symptoms of cirrhosis include jaundice, uncontrolled bleeding and increased sensitivity to drugs. Define cirrhosis and explain why it would cause these symptoms.

Explanation / Answer

1) Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft sapheous vein is used in coronary bypass surgery.veins carry the blood towards the heart and these have valves but arteries carry the blood away from the heart and these dosent have valves

2) The major function of the immune system is to defend the host against pathogens and toxins, a task which is essential to any organism. Rather than forming into organs, the cells of the immune system are composed primarily of individual cells, and they spread throughout the body. However, these cells of the immune system work in a cooperative manner, to complete their task for our body. The unique characteristic feature of the immune system is that it can recognize its own molecules from foreign molecules. Generally an immune response involves a number of key stages; namely, pathogen recognition, activation and initiation, regulation, and the generation of immunological memory. Vertebrate immune system can be dived into two basic branches; innate and adaptive immunity. Although those immunities have different roles, they generally act together in fighting an infection.

Innate Immunity

The innate immune system is also known as the nonspecific immune system, which provides the first line of immunological defense against infection. The molecules and the receptors of the immune system provide a broad range of protection, so that it is also referred to as ‘natural immunity’. It generates a diverse set of molecules that can recognize virtually any invading pathogen. Basically, the first response is slow and highly specific to invading pathogens. However, the response to a second attack is more rapid, and it is the basis for vaccines.

The innate system is mainly composed of eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, tor-like receptors (TLRs), and a series of soluble mediators such as complement system.

Adaptive Immunity/Acquired

The adaptive or specific immune system mainly attacks the specific invaders. It consists of highly specialized cells called thymus-derived T lymphocyte cells and bone marrow-derived B lymphocyte cells. These cells are capable of recognizing different foreign antigens in a very precise way and have the capacity to generate immunological memory, so that it allows recognizing the pathogens which have encountered before.

The adaptive immunity can be divided into two types; humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Humoral immunity is mediated by antibody molecules secreted by B lymphocyte that can neutralize the pathogens outside the cells, and cellular immunity is mediated by T lymphocyte, which can eliminate infected cells and provide help to other immune responses.

the difference between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity

• The innate immune system is composed of physical and chemical barriers, phagocytic leukocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and plasma proteins whereas the adaptive immune system is composed of B cells and T cells.

• The response of the innate system is rapid while that of the adaptive immunity is slow (Over 1-2 weeks).

• The innate system has limited and lower potency. In contrast, the adaptive system has high potency.

• The innate system recognizes a broad range of pathogens, but it cannot make fine distinctions. In contrast, the adaptive system recognizes highly specific antigens.

• The innate system cannot react with equal potency upon repeated exposure to the same pathogen while the adaptive system can remember the specific pathogens which have encountered before.

• The innate immune system is evolutionary, older and is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates, but the adaptive immunity system has been developed recently and is found only in the vertebrates.

3) Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs ,  It is caused by the presence of mutations in both copies of the gene ,There is no known cure for cystic fibrosis  Lung infections are treated with antibiotics which may be given intravenously, inhaled, or by mouth. Sometimes, the antibiotic azithromycin is used long term.The main signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis are salty-tasting skin, poor growth, and poor weight gain despite normal food intake.

4) Breath-holding spells (BHS) are the occurrence of episodic apnea in children, possibly associated with loss of consciousness, and changes in postural tone. may be that is the reason

5) generally Hcl is required for break down of food material in achlorhydria condition there is no Hcl this leads to no digestion of food.and also some drugs absorb at acidic PH so when this condition there is a decrease in the absorption of drugs.

6) Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long-term damage ,Cirrhosis is most commonly caused by alcohol, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Typically, more than two or three alcoholic drinks per day over a number of years is required for alcoholic cirrhosis to occur. due to damage of liver we are getting these symptoms Some causes of cirrhosis, such as hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination

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