436 CHAPTER 11 were told thcy were going to engage in a public-speaking task. Ju

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436 CHAPTER 11 were told thcy were going to engage in a public-speaking task. Just hefore the task, participants were placed in three conditions: no instructions, a "placebo" instruction stating the best way of coping with stress was to ignore the source of stress, and an arousal-reap pra the reasons for physical arousal during stress and encouraged to interpret that arousal as a tool that would help them deal with the stress. For example, instead of seeing one's racing ition in which they were given instructions that not only educated them about rt beat as a sign of fear, one could interpret it as the heart supplying blood to organs and tissues in preparation for dealing with the demands of the situation. The reappraisal partic ipants were significantly less likely to look for cues of threat than the other two groups. In a subsequent study (Jamieson et al, 2013), arousal reappraisal was found to help participants recover from stress as well, enabling them to return to normal physiological responses more quickly after stress when compared with participants who received no reappraisal instru tions. Apparenily, there's a big difference between fecling "excited" rather than "stressed PERSONALITY FACTORS IN STRESS 11.16 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people's reaction to stress Of course, how one cognitively assesses a stressor has a lot to do with one's personality the unique and rvlalively stable ways in which people think, fecl, and interact with oth- s. Poople with certain kinds of personality traits-such as aggressiveness or a naturally high level of anxicty, for example-seem to create more stress for themselves than may exist in the actual stressor. Even as long ago as the early 1930s, psychologists have had evidence that personality characteristics are a major factor in predicting health. A longi ludinal shudy begun in 1932 (Iehr & Thomae, 1987) found that personality was almost as important to longevity* as were genelic, physical, or lifestyle factors. Other researchers have found that people who live to be very old-into their 90s and even over 100 years- tend to be rclaxed, easygoing, cheerful, and active. People who have the opposite person alily traits, such as aggressiveness, stubbomness, inflexibility, and tenseness, typically do not live as long as the av lieexeclancy (levy ct al., 2002). PERSONALITY TYPES Those positive and negative personality traits are some of the fac tors associated with two personality types that have been related to how pcople deal with stress and the influence of certain personality characteristics on coronary should be noted that while personality is really faore complex than just a few "types, the following categories are simply compact ways to refer to sets of associated traits.) He ahvays times 60inutes. The New Yorker Collection 193 Mischa Richter from cartoonbank.com. Al Rights Rasenvcd heart disease. It TYPE A AND TYPE B In 1974, medical doctors Meyer Freidman and Ray Rosenman pub lished a book titled Type A Behuvior and Your Heart. The book was the result of studie g three decades of research into the influence of certain personality characteris tics on coronary heart disease (Friedman & Kasanin, 1943; Friedman & Rosenman, 195° Rosenman ct al., 1975). Since then, numerous researchers have explored the link between what Hriedman called Type A and Type B personalitics. Type A people are workaholics-they ane very competitive, ambitious, hate to was time, and are easily annoyed. They feel a constant sense of pressure and have a strong ten- dency to try to do several tigs at once. Often successtul but frequently unsatisfied, they always seem to want to go faster and do more, and they get easily upset over small things Type A personality person who is ambitious, time con scious, extremely hardworking, and terds to have high levels of hastility and anger as well as being easily annoyed typical Type A finds it difficult to relax and do nothing-Type A people take work with them on vacation, a laptop to the beach, and do business over the phone in the car In contrast, Type B peuple are not that competitive or driven, tend to be casygoin and slow to anger, and seem relaxed and at peace. Type B pcople are more likely to take book to the beach to cover up their face than to actually read the book. Type B personality person who is relaxed and laid back less driven and competitive than Type A, and slow to anger. longevity: howlong people live.

Explanation / Answer

Stress can certainy have an impact on the way one tends to hadle their educational pursuits and career decisions. The stress hormones that are released in the body tend to have a tremendous impact on the way one's brain circuitry system operates. It impacts the prefrontal cortex which is primarily responsible for the executive functioning in the brain and the rational thinking aspect of the brain. These functions also include our working memory, self-regulation and cognitive flexibility. Stress can also impact the way we communicate with others and perceive their feelings or emotions on an eveyday basis. One's resilience and threshold level play a vital role in determining how one reacts to difficult circustances. This could include the ups and downs one faces during pursuing academics. Education can be a hard process and may require a lot of patience, consistency and perseverence. All these are highly impacted by the way one tends to deal with everyday stressful situations. If they are taking too much of a toll on an individual, it is less likely that they will persevere through the entire academic journey. For instance, argument with a supervisor during research work in a Masters or a PhD program may prove to be so stressful for a person who has the tendency to be stressed, that they may end up giving up midway. However, in order to overcome this, many measures caan be adopted to deal better with stress. It is inevitable and therefore, being better equipped in order to improve one's overall resilience is a must. That includes practices such as meditation, which can facilitate the process of healing and inculcating change.

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