21. A. Generalization B. Extinction C. Contiguity refers to rewarding successive

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21. A. Generalization B. Extinction C. Contiguity refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired target behavior ). Shaping memories 22. Researchers who study memory sometimes group semantic and episodic memories together under the category A deep B. synaptic C. procedural D. declarative 23. Forgetting that occurs when prior learning interferes with new learning is called A. retroactive interference. B, reconstructive interference. C. mnemonie decay D. proactive interference. 24. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? A. Going shopping after getting a B on a difficult exam B. Very quickly pressing the buttion on your alarm clock to turn off the obnoxious alarm sound C. Denying yourself a special treat after a bad exam performance D. Exercising less after running a mini marathon Organisms lcarn passively the association between two stimuli hrough whereas organisms learn actively the association between a behavior and a consequence through A. operant conditioning, classical conditioning B,classical conditioning; operant conditioning classical conditioning: discovery learning observational learning: classical conditioning 26 The neuroscientist's "connectionist" view of memory A sacgests that memories are organized sets of neurons that are routinely activated together B, is consistent with research on brain circuitry and function C. helps to explain how priming a concept can influence behavior D. All of these 27. Of the following individuals, whose behavior may most easily be explained using an arousal approach to motivation? A. Artie, who loves to skydive. B. Barry, who buys an expensive watch to celcbrate his promotion. C. Callista, who studies long hours to carn good grades 2. Both B and C

Explanation / Answer

Contiguity is also known as chaining. In learning, contiguity refers to rewarding a certain behaviour which is the closest or in approximation of the desired behaviour. For instance, your toddler has started to stand upright without support. Your eventual goal is to have him walk, every time he tries to take a step forward without support, you reward him.

Thus, the correct answer is option, C.

Semantic and episodic memory are two types of declarative memory. Semantic memory is the general facts that are learned and recalled. Episodic memory involves recalling personal facts.

Thus, the correct answer is option, D.

Proactive interference is a type of forgetting when earlier learnt or old information interferes with new. For instance, you meet a guy at a party. He introduces himself Matt. Your best friend's name is Pat. You continue to call this new guy you met as Pat.

Thus, the correct answer is option, D.

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