HELPFUL INFO--- Appeal to Unqualified Authority Encourages audience to accept wh

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HELPFUL INFO---

Appeal to Unqualified Authority

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Claims or assumes special expertise

One or more of the following problems:

Appeals to people who are not experts in the appropriate subject, or not experts at all

Lack of consensus among experts on the subject

Not an area of established knowledge

Appeals to untrustworthy experts

Appeal to Ignorance

Can be paraphrased in the following way

There is no evidence/proof that p

Therefore, p is false

It is NOT the case that: If p were true, good evidence or a proof of p would have been discovered.

Hasty Generalization

Reasoning from a sample to the general population

One of the following

The sample is too small

The sample is biased

NOT one of the other, more specific, fallacies. (Some other fallacies could be subsumed under HG, especially FC and WA)

False Cause

Starts with correlation between X and Y, concludes X is the cause of Y

Fails to rule out other potentially more likely explanations, especially:

Just coincidence

It’s reversed, Y causes X

Some third thing, Z, causes both

X is only one of a number of causal factors

Subtype: "The Gambler’s Fallacy"

Concerns a series of independent events or turns, where X is one possible result among others

Premises say that X has not come up as often as statistically expected in previous turns

Concludes X is more likely on the next turn

Slippery Slope

Argument that can be paraphrased:

A leads to B

B leads to C

…

… leads to Z.

Z is a catastrophe or an absurdity.

So, A must be rejected.

No objectively good reason to predict such a chain reaction

Weak Analogy

Makes a comparison between X and Y

The similarities are not relevant to the conclusion

There are dissimilarities that are relevant to the conclusion

QUESTION 28 Several medical doctors have wamed that my high cholesterol is a threat to my health, and that is the general consensus in the medical community. It would be wise, therefore, to do something about my cholesterol. Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to Ignorance False Cause Sippery Slope Weak Analogy No Fallacy QUESTION 29 The number of alcoholism treatment centers has increased over the last 20 years, and the number of alcoholics has also increased. Clearly treatment centers are making the problem worse Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to Ignorance False Cause Weak Analogy O Sippery Slope No Fallacy QUESTION 30 Rush Limbaugh has stated on his radio show that there is no conclusive evidence linking cigarettes with lung cancer or emphysema. Given Limbaugh s position as a famous radio talk show host, its safe to conclude that what he is saying is true. Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to Ignorance False Cause Slippery Slope Weak Analogy No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

1. There is no logical fallacy used in this case.

2. The logical fallacy in this case is false cause.

3. The logical fallacy in this case is appeal to ignorance.

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