HELPFUL INFO--- Appeal to Unqualified Authority Encourages audience to accept wh

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HELPFUL INFO---

Appeal to Unqualified Authority

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Claims or assumes special expertise

One or more of the following problems:

Appeals to people who are not experts in the appropriate subject, or not experts at all

Lack of consensus among experts on the subject

Not an area of established knowledge

Appeals to untrustworthy experts

Appeal to Ignorance

Can be paraphrased in the following way

There is no evidence/proof that p

Therefore, p is false

It is NOT the case that: If p were true, good evidence or a proof of p would have been discovered.

Hasty Generalization

Reasoning from a sample to the general population

One of the following

The sample is too small

The sample is biased

NOT one of the other, more specific, fallacies. (Some other fallacies could be subsumed under HG, especially FC and WA)

False Cause

Starts with correlation between X and Y, concludes X is the cause of Y

Fails to rule out other potentially more likely explanations, especially:

Just coincidence

It’s reversed, Y causes X

Some third thing, Z, causes both

X is only one of a number of causal factors

Subtype: "The Gambler’s Fallacy"

Concerns a series of independent events or turns, where X is one possible result among others

Premises say that X has not come up as often as statistically expected in previous turns

Concludes X is more likely on the next turn

Slippery Slope

Argument that can be paraphrased:

A leads to B

B leads to C

…

… leads to Z.

Z is a catastrophe or an absurdity.

So, A must be rejected.

No objectively good reason to predict such a chain reaction

Weak Analogy

Makes a comparison between X and Y

The similarities are not relevant to the conclusion

There are dissimilarities that are relevant to the conclusion

QUESTION 22 Environmentalists accuse us of blocking the plan to convert Antarctica into a world park. In fact, nothing could be further from the truth. Antarctica is a huge continent teeming with life. It is the home of millions of penguins, seals, sea birds and sea lions. Also, great schools of finfish and whales inhabit its coastal waters. Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear (including force) Appeal to the People O Ad Hominem O Red Herring No Fallacy QUESTION 23 Albert Einstein, most renowned physicist and genius of our time, once remarked, I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. In light of Einstein s statement, it surely would be foolish to believe in God Appeal to Unquallfied Authority Appeal to Ignorance Hasty Generalization False Cause Slippery Slope Weak Analogy No Fallacy QUESTION 24 Your son Tommy wants a slingshot for his birthday, but you shouldn t get him one. If you do, next year he Il want a B-B gun. Then a 22 rifle. After that it will be a high powered rifle, and then an Uzi and an AK-47. In no time your home will become an armory. Appeal to Unqualified Authority Appeal to Ignorance OFalse Cause Slippery Slope o Weak Analogy No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

22. appeal to pity as it attempts at generating sadness

23. Appeal to Unqualified Authority as its Not an area of established knowledge

24.Appeal to Ignorance as it shows hasty generalisations

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