HELPFUL INFO----- Appeal to Pity Brings up sad things Intends to evoke pity Moti

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HELPFUL INFO-----

Appeal to Pity

Brings up sad things

Intends to evoke pity

Motivates psychologically to accept a conclusion

The sad things are irrelevant to the conclusion

Appeal to Fear (including force)

Brings up scary things

Intends to evoke fear

Motivates psychologically to accept a conclusion

The scary things are irrelevant to the conclusion

Appeal to the People

Encourages audience to accept what others believe

Uses peer pressure to influence

Inclusivist peer pressure or

Exclusivist peer pressure

Not claimed that the peer group has any special expertise

Ad Hominem*

Responding to another, opposing argument, or testimony

Brings up negatives or perceived negatives about the opponent, commonly one of the following:

Abusive (negative character traits)

Circumstantial (motives to argue for the conclusion, predispositions to argue for the conclusion)

Tu Quoque (hypocrisy on behalf of the opponent)

NOT a case of legitimately undermining testimony

Straw Man*

Responds to another, opposing, argument or claim

Misrepresents the opposing view, and then pretends to defeat that view.

May be relevant to, even defeat, some similar sounding, or related, possibly more general, view.

Accident

Appeals to a general rule or principle

The rule or principle is not absolute (There are exceptions.)

Applied to an exceptional case

Arguer acts as if either (a) the rule is absolute or (b) the case is typical.

Red Herring

Premises are not logically relevant to the conclusion

It is NOT one of the other fallacies of relevance

The psychological impetus for accepting the conclusion is distraction, often by a similar sounding, or related, possibly more general, conclusion.

Sometimes this fallacy is said to occur when one gives arguments about a subject that is irrelevant to the established discussion, whether those arguments themselves are fallacious or not.

QUESTION 7 Senator Jones argues against the health care reform initiatives proposed by the new legislation, claiming that it creates an unfair tax structure. She must think it doesn t matter if 50 million Americans are without health insurance. But it does matter. It is risky for them, and leads to higher health care costs for everyone else. Senator Jones is wrong. Appeal to Pity OAppeal to Fear (including force) O Appeal to the People Ad Hominem Strawman Red Herring No Fallacy QUESTION 8 Dick Cheney argues that taxes on corporations ought to be lower. But this is a man who has shot someone in the face before. And have you seen his creepy smile? Let s not even consider an argument made by such a person O Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear (including force) Appeal to the People Ad Hominem Strawman Red Herring No Fallacy QUESTION 9 Our teacher argues that non-tenured college instructors are not paid enough. But of course he s going to say that, since he s a non-tenured college instructor. His argument is obviously nonsense O Appeal to Pity Appeal to Fear (including force) Appeal to the People Ad Hominem Strawman Red Herring No Fallacy

Explanation / Answer

7.Appeal to the People as it Encourages audience to accept what others believe

8.Ad Hominem as it brings up negativethings asociated with him

9.Ad Hominem as it presents a negative view about the opponent in the argument

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