Define the following key terms in your own words. A good definition consists of

Question

Define the following key terms in your own words. A good definition consists of minimally two things:definition & examples (from the book "the language Instinct by Steven Pinker and/or your own). Sometimes, instead of examples, background information might be more appropriate. For people's names, describe briefly who they are and why they are included in the discussion.

The numbers indicate page & paragraph numbers. (I count a partial paragraph started on the previous page as Para. 1 for convenience's sake)

Newspeak:

mentalese:

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: strong and weak versions:

ehphemism:

doublespeak:

The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax:

Ildefonso (A Man without Words):

Infants' understanding of numbers:

Vervet monkeys' kinship recognition:

Creative people thinking in mental images:

Turing machine:

deixis:

synonymy:

Explanation / Answer

The Newspeak was a way of controlling what people think - and what they should think - by the regime. The main idea was to re-construct the language so any way of verbal opposition to the regime would be impossible.Newspeak is not a new language, just new words with specific and essentially practical new meanings, often formed by the merger to two or more common words. Newspeak is the language of Oceania, a fictional totalitarian state ruled by the Party, who created the language to meet the ideological requirements of English Socialism.In Orwell’s book Newspeak is a malevolent creation, a way to deter the expression of certain ideas, and conversely a tool to persuade people that something new exists simply because a new word has been introduced into the language.Duckspeak is a Newspeak term meaning literally to quack like a duck or to speak without thinking. Mentalese is not language but a mental representation which is close to a language. When we have the idea or conception, we have the mentalese, but when we want to express it in language, we need more effort to organize them into language.For example, when it comes to tell the conception of "Gravity", we know the concept in our brain, however, every time we express it out, we use different sentence (not the exact same one) Here, the conception in our brain is mentalese, the sentences we used to describe the Gravity is language. In Pinker's view, there is a language-like thing called mentalese that you're essentially born with. It's not a written or spoken language and so it doesn't have any of those characteristics of language, but it is a language of thoughts. This means that it includes all the semantic features of words and the deep structure of semantic relations. So, if you're thinking, "the chair is white," without actually saying it, you need to have some mental representation of that predicate. A euphemism is a way to say something bad, distressing or unpleasant in a nice way. A phrase used to replace a harsh-sounding reality. Euphemism expresses an unpleasant or uncomfortable situation in a more sensitive, kind and tactful manner. The purpose is to soften the blow, protect feelings or to be politically correct.For example,"He passed away" instead of "he died." Doublespeak usually means someone trying to shift the focus by not addressing the issue.It is the complete opposite of plain and simple truth. It distorts words and phrases in order to bury a truth. It's not hiding the truth that this person died.For example, if a pharmaceutical company said something like, "There are some minor side effects," when they should clearly be stating, "This drug may cause a heart attack," they're using doublespeak and acting in a deceptive manner.Doublespeak provides ambiguity. As such, if you are in a situation where you want to keep your intentions unclear from your interlocutors, doublespeak is advantageous. Due to time constraints only some have been answered,the remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse D
• Subjects

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.