Define the following key terms in your own words. A good definition consists of
ID: 3459489 • Letter: D
Question
Define the following key terms in your own words. A good definition consists of minimally two things: definition & examples (from the book "the language Instinct by Steven Pinker and/or your own). Sometimes, instead of examples, background information might be more appropriate. For people's names, describe briefly who they are and why they are included in the discussion.
The numbers indicate page & paragraph numbers. (I count a partial paragraph started on the previous page as Para. 1 for convenience's sake)
14-2: universality of complex language
14-3: dative
15-1: gender
17-2: SAE, BEV
20-4: pidgin
20-4: lingua franca
21-2: creole
23-2: auxiliary, preposition, case marker, relative pronoun, prefix, suffix
29-6: subject noun phrase, verb phrase
30-3: the poverty of the input (One of Chomsky's arguments for the innate nature of language)
31-4: structure-dependent vs. linear
34-5: Broca's aphasia
38-4: The wug-test
41-4: Williams syndrome
Explanation / Answer
Universality of complex language- creation of the language is very complex term and every language consist their own speciality with the terms of language acquisition.
Dative- Dative case used to express the direction towards an indirect object, the receiver and is generally indicated in English by to or for with the objective case.
Gender- The gender in language is refers as the terms which shows biological and social difference among people. Identification of gender is the key term of any language.
Pidgin- It is a simplified speech used in communication between two people with different languages. It is a mixture of two or more languages, it allows us to understand languages in easy way.
Example- use of Espanol and English, Hindi and English etc.
Lingua Franca- The well-used language of any country, community or society is known as lingua franca, it provide easy medium to communicate with others and understand expressions.
Example- Russian in Russia, English in Britain, Mandarin in China etc.
Creole- it is the mixture of languages used in sudden of time, the creole is little different from pidgin and it have specific terms that varies person to person.
Auxiliary- The supportive words, sentences or language during the communication is called auxiliary.
Preposition- Prepositions are short words of a language that used before the noun to indicate specificity of the subject and noun e.g. to, or etc.
Case Marker- Case marker add meaning to the word without changing the word to another, they are similar to prepositions. Ex.
Relative pronoun- A relative pronoun is used to connect a clause to noun or pronoun, example- This is the car which Patricia purchased.
Suffix and Prefix- These are words used before or end of the word to create a new and directional meanings. Ex.-Anti, Co, able, etc. as Anti-social and Reverse able.
Subject- The word in any language which indicate central part of the sentence. Ex. Jack is nice person.
Noun phrase- A semi sentence that can able to serve as the subject in any complete sentence. Ex- The last train.
Verb Phrase- a verb which has several parts called verb phrase. Ex. - Would have been forgotten.
Poverty of Input- In the acquisition of language, it suggest that children do not receive sufficient input to generalise grammatical rules through linguistic inputs.
Noam Chomsky believed that children language ability are aroused by the primary linguistic data. The innate ability that was there had to come from some sources. Chomsky believes that the innate knowledge to be biological.
Structure Dependent vs. Linear- The dependent clause defines interdependency in words of sentences which indicates the mean with the help of others, while linear indicates the one by one connection or series connection in words.
Broca’s Aphasia- Broca’s aphasia is the inability to understand speech or to produce fluent and coherent speech. Problem in brain structure can be caused Broca’s aphasia.
The Wug-Test- Wug test is experiment in linguistics created by John Berko Gleason in 1958, it was developed to understand language acquisition as well as structure. It was created for young children to show the language acquisition.
Williams Syndrome- William syndrome is a developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body. This condition is characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning problems and personality deviations.
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