List seven major concepts that you learned from (Santrock, J. W. (2014).Essentia

Question

List seven major concepts that you learned from (Santrock, J. W. (2014).Essentials of Life-span Development (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill). DO NOT BE BRIEF! I am looking for a comprehensive analysis of the concepts you learned, the ways you will apply your knowledge, or the ways that these concepts have provided insight to who you are...Do not cut and paste from the book. Describe each concept in your own words and discuss what you have learned about the concept, how you have applied it, or you will apply it to your life.

The concepts need to selected from the book listed.

Explanation / Answer

Seven major concepts of development :-

1. Development is an orderly process of change . It includes learning of more complex ways of moving thinking speaking feeling etc. Characterstics of development are - it is progressive , orderly , coherent and permanent alteration of behaviour .

2. Growth refers to increase in children’s body , size or change in proportion. There are 3 axis of growth -

>caphalo-caudal: this means growth feom top to bottom

>proximodistal: this means growth from nera to far . For instance arm grows first then hand and then fingers.

>Differentiation : it means to learn from gross to spcific and simple to complex.

3.Freud’s psychosexual model of development : He gave 5 stages of develoment

I am important and I am here for a purpose ! God has created each and everyone of us for some reason . All of us are here for something to achieve . I have a purpose to serve my parents and love them unconditionally , fulfill their expectations and all needs and wishes. I have a purpose to serve the society at large and utilize my knowledge and skills to make this society more peaceful and efficient.

>oral : from 0-18 months . The primary zones are mouth , lips and tongue. Feeding and weaning problems can lead to traumatic events. If oral personality develops in a person they may be dependend as adults , or may be excessivly smoke or drink.

>anal: age of 18 months. Anal region becomes erogenous zone. Toilet training is important aspect of this stage.

>Phallic: Genital areas become most important . Oedipus complex and electra complex are important concepts .

>Latency : time before onset of puberty . Boys and girls uninterested in each other.

>genital : once child reaches puberty.

4. Erikson- Development of ego identity . It is conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. It is constantly changing . He have 8 stages:- >trust vs mistrust, >autonomy vs shame and doubt , >initiative vs guilt , >industry vs inferiority , >identity vs identity crisis , >intimacy vs isolation , >generativity vs stagnation, >integrity vs despair.

5. Bandura- social learning theory. People learn from each other through ibservation , immitation and modelling . He did the famous bobodoll experiment. There are 4 mediational processes - attention , retention , reproduction and motivation.

6. Vygotsky sociocultural theory- he stress on role of social interaction in development of cognition. Elementary mental functions are attention , sensation , perception and memory. These develop into higher mental functions when child interacts with the society.

7. Piaget’s cognitive development theory . There are four main concepts in his theory - schema: building blocks of knowledge that enable us to form mental representations of the world. Assimilation: use of existingk owledge to solve a problem. Accomodation: learning new set of skills and knowledge to solve problem. Equilibrium: state of balance after assimilation. 4 stages of his theory are - Sensory motor stage , preoperational stage , concrete operational stage and formal operational stage.

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