5. Describe the processes of neural development: neurogenesis, migration, differ

Question

5. Describe the processes of neural development: neurogenesis, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, cell death, synaptic pruning/rearrangement, myelination. 6. What causes apoptosis and what prevents it? 7. Define "epigenetics." 8. How might epigenetics cause identical twins to develop traits different from each other? 9. How does the study & treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) demonstrate gene-environment interactions? 10. What is the relationship between methylation and the stres:s response of rodents, i.e. in the Meany study, what triggered methylation and what are the physiological changes underlying a hyper-responsiveness to stress? 11. What are the behavioral and neural changes associated with Alzheimer's Disease? 12. How is Alzheimer's diagnosed and what are potential treatments? 13. Neuroplasticity can be studied at the behavioral, whole brain, neural/synaptic and molecular/genetic level. Provide an example for each level. 14. What synaptic changes are associated with memory formation?

Explanation / Answer

5. Neurogenesis is the process in which neurons would be generated via the neural stem cells. Developmental neurogenesis occurs through the process of embryonic development in which there is presence of the stem cells. The neural epithelial, cells would be taking up radial morphology and are now referred to be as the radial glial cell’s. These form the primary cells and are present in the ventricular zone.

There is incredible neuronal diversity in which the stem cells would be differentiating. Stem cells would be differentiating giving rise to the greater number of progenitor cells. These would be differentiating into different types of neurons giving rise to the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, along with the microglia.

Synaptic plasticity are the changes that occur in the brain of a person so that they would be able to adapt to the more recent information. There would be changes taking place at the synapses which would be allowing them in communication.

Synaptogenesis is when there would be synapse formation. This process would be taking place throughout the lifespan of an individual. During the initial development of brain, referring to as the exuberant synaptogenesis.. this process is very important during the critical period of the individual, in which synaptic pruning will be taking place.

Synaptic pruning in which there would be both dendrite pruning and axon pruning, where synapse elimination would be taking place in the initial childhood and when there would be puberty in mammals. This process gets completed after se-xual maturation. There is an increase in the infant brain of almost 5 times. This occurs by the process of myelinatjon of the fibers.

Myelination is the process in which there will be production of myelin sheath. Myelin sheath are fatty substances that would be present around the nerve cells resulting in the formation of an insulating layer which helps in nervous system’s proper functioning.

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