1. What does it mean to give informed consent? 2. What information would one nee
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1. What does it mean to give informed consent? 2. What information would one need in order to give informed consent? 3. What are some of the concerns that have been raised about the matter of consent for children participating in research? 4. As discussed in lecture, what is the concern about incentivizing consent for research in prisons? 5. Explain Singer's notion of speciesism, and discuss objections that have been raised against the comparisons that he draws between that notion and other notions 6. What does 'autonomy' mean? 7. What does it mean for an individual (or party) to restrict another individual's autonomy? After giving a general answer (e.g., a general rule that we can use to tll us whether a given case is a case of restricting another's autonomy). offer your own example (i.e., not from the course materials) of such a case, and explain why this is a case of restricting the latter's autonomy 8. What is paternalism? 9. What is weak paternalism? 10. Give your own example (not from the course materials) of weak paternalism, and explain clearly why it is an example for weak paternalism. 11. What is strong paternalism? 12. Give your own example (not from the course materials) of strong paternalism, and explain clearly why it is an example of strong paternalism 13. What is the difference between weak and strong paternalism? 14. What are the ethical concerns about strong paternalism in a biomedical context? 15. What are the ethical concerns about weak paternalism in a biomedical context? 16. What is the relationship between paternalism and autonomy, and why is this relevant to biomedical ethics? In explaining your answer, be sure to use your own example to illustrate your point. 17. Who was Dax Cowart, and why does his story nicely illustrate the tension addressed in your answer to the preceding question? 18. In lecture, of what tension between paternalism and autonomy was it said that Dax's story serves as a nice illustration?Explanation / Answer
1. Informed consent is a voluntary agreement to participate in research, which is obtained after the participant obtains an understanding of the research and its risks.
2. Information that should be clearly communicated in order to give informed consent include: purpose of the research; procedures involved; alternatives to participation; foreseeable risks; benefits of participation; length of time; details of person of contact; statement that participation is voluntary; and statement that participants have a right to withdraw as per their choice.
3. Children are persons who have not attained the legal age for consent to treatments or procedures involved in research. A researcher requires to obtain initial consent from gatekeepers such as parents and/or teachers or others with a duty of care for the child. This raises issues relating to children’s human rights and to their agency as competent research participants.
4. Incentivising consent for research in prison raises questions of ethics. The current circumstances of the make them vulnerable to accept any incentives offered to them and thus their participation in the research maybe largely motivated by this factor itself.
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