Review and Consolidate Operational Definitions (identify) For each of the operat

Question

Review and Consolidate

Operational Definitions (identify)

For each of the operational definitions given in this section, indicate the method used and the resulting measurement type of variable.

Measurement: Is the variable continuous (numbers) or categorical (words)?
Method: Was the variable manipulated (changed by the researcher) or measured observationally (observing behavior, archives, or performance on a test), physiologically, or with a self-report survey/questionnaire.

QUESTION 1: SELECT ONE

Operational definition: Group size was operationally defined as the number of other participants present during testing. Participants were either tested alone or in groups of four.

A. MEASUREMENT_____

       a. categorical

       b. cantinuous

B. METHOD_____

      a. manipulated

      b. observation

     c. self-report

     d. physiological

QUESTION 2: SELECT ONE

Operational definition: Light therapy was operationally defined by exposing the participants to a full-spectrum light (in hours per day from 0 to 5 hours)

A. MEASUREMENT_____

       a. categorical

       b. cantinuous

B. METHOD_____

      a. manipulated

      b. observation

     c. self-report

     d. physiological

QUESTION 3: SELECT ONE

Consider the following relationship:

The generations of adults who are now between the ages of 35-85 are less likely to have tattoos than the members of the millennial generation (those between 18-34)

How are the variables age and tattoos status related?

A. NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP

B. POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP

QUESTION 4: SELECT ONE

Consider the following relationship:

Obese women make less money than average weight women

How are the variables weight and salary related?

A. NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP

B. POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Review and Consolidate

Internal Validity

When considering the internal validity, we are considering how confident we are in a conclusion of "Changes in Variable X cause a change in Variable Y"

We evaluate if we actually started with two equal groups (selection effect). And we evaluate if we only changed the independent variable (testing effect, history effect, maturation effect, mortality effect). Finally, we ask if we ruled out all possible confounds.

QUESTIONS 1: SELECT ONE

Emma is planning an experiment to examine whether reading to children increases their vocabulary size. She recruits two pre-school classes of 18-month-olds. She assigns one of the classes to be read to three times a week for three months and the other classroom to play board games three times a week for three months. She then measures and compares the vocabulary size of both groups. What threat to internal validity should she be most concerned about?

A. TESTING

B. HISTORY

C. SELECTION

D. MATURATION

E. INSTRUMENTATION

QUESTIONS 2: SELECT ONE

A social scientist is hired by a large company to assess the effect of an employee training program. Thirty-six employees agree to participate and are randomly assigned to the program condition (n = 18) or to a waiting list control group (n = 18). The employees on the waiting list are scheduled to receive the training program following the first group’s training; meanwhile, these employees serve as a control group for the group trained first. Training requires that the employees attend sessions after normal work hours and also that they complete brief written assignments at home. Twelve of the first group of employees finish the training program. An analysis of job performance measures reveals that their scores are better than of those the employees in the control group. Why can the researcher not conclude that the training program caused this improvement? What is the threat to internal validity?

A. ATTRITION/ MORTALITY

B. HISTORY

C. SELECTION

D. MATURATION

Explanation / Answer

1) Operational definition: Group size was operationally defined as the number of other participants present during testing. Participants were either tested alone or in groups of four.

2) Operational definition: Light therapy was operationally defined by exposing the participants to a full-spectrum light (in hours per day from 0 to 5 hours)

3) Consider the following relationship:The generations of adults who are now between the ages of 35-85 are less likely to have tattoos than the members of the millennial generation (those between 18-34)

4) Consider the following relationship: Obese women make less money than average weight women

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