can anyone summarize for me the below passage and to add some information which
ID: 3449184 • Letter: C
Question
can anyone summarize for me the below passage and to add some information which You got from the below passage
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Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy is a construct of the Social Cognitive Theory proposed by Bandura.25 Social Cognitive Theory, a revision of Social Learning Theory, states that individuals do not learn or change behavior in a linear fashion. Rather, changes take place bidirectionally; environment, information, and behavior all affect one another. As an individual learns more, behaviors and environment may change, causing more knowledge to be gained, which, in turn, reinforces behavior and healthy environments. Lapses are a part of the learning process as the individual employs personal choices to develop behaviors consistent with individual choice and lifestyle.24,25 Individuals with high self-efficacy believe their actions will affect outcome. As a healthy behavior produces results, success reinforces success. Individuals may have no intention of changing a behavior but after experiencing a success, behaviors, knowledge and environments change.25 Self-efficacy is gained by several means. Enactive attainment, or experiencing success, is the most powerful method. Vicarious learning is another method. Individuals do not have to experience the affects of poor health choices if they can Journal of Dental Hygiene, Vol. 78, No. 3, Summer 2004 Copyright by the American Dental Hygenists Association - 4 - learn from others' experiences. The third method of gaining self-efficacy is through verbal persuasion. Affective states such as pain or fatigue will deter self-efficacy. 25 Self-efficacy has been an accurate predictor of oral health in both cross sectional and longitudinal studies.27,28,29 Qualitative analysis of dental attitudes indicated that cognitive experiences, supportive and emotional dimensions, and childhood experiences influence dental attitudes and behaviors.26 Dental self-efficacy was found to be a determinant in oral health and oral hygiene among diabetes patients and for general oral health in elderly patients.27,28 Self-efficacy has shown to be consistent with improvements in oral hygiene over time, but the benefit may be short term only. Periodontal patients showed improvements in oral hygiene and dental self-efficacy six months after the initial intervention but differences were lost over time.11 Self-efficacy was found to be protective against early childhood caries (ECC). Researchers have proposed that self-efficacy may be a useful part of a multidimensional model to predict ECC.29 Self-efficacy is perceiving control over actions that will have an affect on outcome. The theory differs from other theories addressing personal agency or control, in that self-efficacy is domain specific. That is, an individual can have high expectations that oral health is attainable through personal oral hygiene and professional care. The same individual may have low self efficacy in other areas of health.
Explanation / Answer
Self Efficacy:
Self efficacy is a construct of Social Cognitive Theory which was propounded by Psychologist Albert Bandura. According to Social Cognitive Theory, individuals do not learn or change behaviour in a linear fashion. Rather, changes take place in bidirectional Manner. Environment, information, and behaviour all affects one another. As an individual learns more, behaviours and environment may change, causing more knowledge to be gained, which, in turn, reinforces behaviour and healthy environments. According to Bandura, Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behaviour, and social environment. Self-efficacy is gained by several means such as
2. Vicarious learning
3. Verbal persuasion.
In clinical practice, self-efficacy refers to how certain a patient feels about his or her ability to take the necessary action to improve the indicators and maintenance of health. Therefore, accurate assessment of self-efficacy is an important key in daily clinical preventive care. Self-efficacy has been an accurate predictor of oral health in both cross sectional and longitudinal studies. Qualitative analysis of dental attitudes shows that cognitive experiences, supportive and emotional dimensions, and childhood experiences influence dental attitudes and behaviours. Dental self-efficacy was found to be a key determinant in oral health and oral hygiene among diabetes patients and for general oral health in elderly patients. Researches revealed that behavioural interventions to enhance self-efficacy improved oral-care behaviour of patients. Therefore, assessment and enhancement of oral-care specific self-efficacy is important to promote behaviour modification in clinical dental practice
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