Which of the following can be taken as evidence that implicit memories arise fro

Question

Which of the following can be taken as evidence that implicit memories arise from a different memory system than explicit memories? a) performance on implicit and explicit test are positively correlated b) individual differences seem to affect explicit, but not implicit, abilities c) experimental treatments tend to have equal effects on implicit and explict memory d) all of the above. book. Learning and Memory by W T Scott Terry. I know this is short notice but I need to submit my assignment by tomorrow. I thought I had submitted this question last night or this morning but I cannot find a record of it nor the answer. thank you

Explanation / Answer

IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT MEMORIES

Memory complaints and symptoms suggestive of depression are usually common in older adults and may progress to more severe conditions. Often this picture can be reversed, after mnemonic rehabilitation The therapeutic effect (ET) was higher in measures of symptoms suggestive of depression and memory complaints. Thus, the initial hypotheses were confirmed, except in relation to the improvement in the performance of the elderly in tasks of episodic memory.

Regarding the first hypothesis formulated, "MEMORY TRAINING PROGRAMME (TM )will allow for changes in the cognitive processing of mnemonic (TM and episodic) functions and some related skills (focused attention and processing speed)", significant improvements were presented in the performance of tasks that evaluated the central executive and the processing speed of the concentrated attention, except those that evaluated the episodic memory. The TM was structured in such a way that the same mnemonic techniques, mentioned in the method, were used and integrated to their verbal processing in all TM sessions. It is noteworthy that all the sessions were performed with different stimuli presented in the form of images and processed verbally. During the sessions, participants needed to keep the information learned online as they were used frequently.

Possible explanation for the fact that only the central executive component of TM has been improved may be to obtain little cognitive training of the other TM components, because the program has not been developed specifically for this type of memory.

Regarding episodic memory, significant differences were not found pre- and post-intervention, probably due to the fact that this function was not directly worked. .

Among the cognitive changes that occur during aging, processing speed has been one of the most recently received. This function interferes with the efficient functioning of complex cognitive operations, such as MT and episodic memory . In the present study, the only component of the executive functions that presented transfer effect was the attentional processing speed. This may have occurred due to the reduction of symptoms suggestive of depression, since this function is one of the most affected in depressive conditions .Additionally, the evaluation tasks used in this study may not have been sensitive enough to evaluate the transfer process to other components of executive functions.The inclusion of ecological tasks, as well as measures of functional scales, in the pre- and post-intervention evaluation could have revealed more favorable results. It should be emphasized that these findings regarding cognitive alterations should be considered with great caution, since they may represent a retesting effect. In addition, the multiple comparisons performed should be replicated in subsequent studies with the control group to reduce the possibility of randomized findings.

The second hypothesis "TM would minimize mnemonic complaints" was confirmed. This result may be associated with the reduction of the symptoms suggestive of depression, thus agreeing with other cross-sectional studies carried out on samples of the elderly, suggesting an association between subjective complaints of memory and depressive symptoms . In addition, stimulation of different memory systems and social group living during TM may also have contributed to the improvement of mnemonic complaints. In agreement with these data, studies that investigated the effect of individual and group mnemonic trainings observed that training performed in group forms promoted more positive effects on performance in mnemonic tasks than the individual ones

Finally, the third hypothesis "The TM will reduce symptoms suggestive of depression" was also confirmed. This reduction of symptoms suggestive of depression may have occurred due to the interaction among sample members of the present study, providing them with increased social coexistence and a sense of universality (awareness of the elderly that he is not the only one with mnemonic complaints and suggestive symptoms of depression) in the group .

It was concluded that, after the TM, the most significant result was the change in mood and, secondly, the report of reduced memory complaints, suggesting possible involvement of emotional and self-image issues of these elderly people without dementia. Regarding the explanatory hypotheses presented in the introduction, the one that best fit the results of the present study was "mnemonic complaints or impairments may be due to depressive symptoms or disorders." Regarding TM, this seems to be a replicable, collective and low-cost method that can be easily employed in clinic and in different samples, aiming at reducing symptoms suggestive of depression, as well as rehabilitating and monitoring cognitive alterations, especially mnemonic in elderly without dementia. It is suggested that future studies should be carried out with larger samples, using randomized clinical methods, investigating emotional and self-image issues of these elderly, as well as adding more complex textual techniques directed to episodic memory. It would be interesting, furthermore, to conduct studies of this TM with samples clinically diagnosed with major depression, and objective signs of memory deficit. More research on the therapeutic effects of cognitive training and neuropsychological rehabilitation programs should be conducted in Brazil so that programs and techniques are made available to the scientific and clinical community, providing direct benefits to the elderly with cognitive alterations and depressive symptoms, thus improving the quality of life of all involved

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