a through d please A graduate student conducted an experiment in which 21 ten-mo

Question

a through d please

A graduate student conducted an experiment in which 21 ten-month-old babies were asked to watch a climber character attempt to ascend a hill. On two occasions, the baby witnesses the character fail to make the climb. On the third attempt, the baby witnesses either a helper toy push the character up the hill or a hinderer toy prevent the character from making the ascent. The helper and hinderer toys were shown to each baby in a random fashion for a fixed amount of time. The baby was then placed in front of each toy and allowed to choose which toy he or she wished to play with. In 18 of the 21 cases, the baby chose the helper toy. Complete parts (a) through (d) below (a) Why is it important to randomly expose the baby to the helper or hinderer toy first? 0 A. The randomness in the order of exposure is important to minimize the effect of the sample standard deviation. O B. The randomness in the order of exposure is important to satisfy the conditions of using the binomial probability distribution. O C. The randomness in the order of exposure is important to avoid bias O D. The randomness in the order of exposure is important to make sure half the babies see the helper first and the other half see the hinderer first. (b) What would be the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses if the researcher is attempting to show that babies prefer helpers over hinderers? (c) Us P-val What ial probability formula to determine the P-value for this test und to three decimal places as needed.) s ct conclusion regarding the null hypothesis? O A. Do not reject Ho, Although no level of significance is given, there is sufficient evidence to suggest the proportion of babies who choose the helper toy is greater than 05 RAIArt H Althni inh no level o sinn cance is a ver there is insi rent ev r ca n sur res i nr norton n nahe w n cho sa h he her R no Click to select your answer(s).

Explanation / Answer

Part (a)

Randomization is employed as an essential component of any experimental design to minimize bias. So, correct answer is option C. ANSWER

Part (b)

Let p = proportion of babies preferring ‘helper’ toy to ‘hinderer’ toy. Then, if babies have no specific preference, p must be ½. So, null hypothesis is: H0: p = ½. Since the researcher is attempting to show that babies prefer ‘helper’ toy to ‘hinderer’ toy, alternative is: HA: p > ½

So, the correct option is: H0: p = ½ Vs HA: p > ½ ANSWER

Part (c)

Let X = number of babies in the sample preferring ‘helper’ toy to ‘hinderer’ toy.

Then, p-value = P(x = 16/n = 21, p = ½)

= 0.0097 [using Excel Function of Binomial Distribution ] ANSWER 1

Although no level of significance is specified in the question, a p-value of 0.0097 is very low, indicating sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

So, correct option is: C ANSWER 2

Part (d)

A p-value of 0.0001 indicates that probability of all 13 babies preferring ‘helper’ toy to ‘hinderer’ toy is exactly 1 out of 10000 if p =1/2.

So, correct option is C ANSWER

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