1. Assume there are 50 deaths from lung cancer per 100,000 people per year among

Question

1. Assume there are 50 deaths from lung cancer per 100,000 people per year among people 65-74 years of age, and smokers in this age group are 10 times as likely to die from die from lung cancer as non smokers, and 40% of this age group are smokers.

I. Is smoking a necessary and/or a sufficient cause of lung cancer?

II. If these results were directly from an actual study what type of study must that have to be?

III. Name 2 causal criteria (from the list reviewed in class) this study’s results would support?

IV. What is the RR? (hint: no calculation needed)

V. How many deaths from lung cancer (per 100,000 people) appear to be due to smoking in this age group going by these results?

Explanation / Answer

1. I. Is smoking a necessary and/or a sufficient cause of lung cancer?

Ans. Yes, smoking is a sufficient cause of lung cancer but can't say it is necessary.

2. If these results were directly from an actual study what type of study must that have to be?

Answere : The study is observational study.

3 Name 2 causal criteria (from the list reviewed in class) this study’s results would support

(a) Strength : Strength of asscoaition, Relative risk ratio is quite high

(b) Consisitency :  Consistent findings observed by different persons in different places with different samples strengthens the likelihood of an effect.

(c) Coherence: Coherence between epidemiological and laboratory findings increases the likelihood of an effect.

(IV) RR = 10

(V) Per 100,000 there are 50 deats occur in 65- 74 age group.

let say x is the death by smoking and y are the death by non smoking among these 50

x + y = 50

here

x/40000 = 10 (y /60000)

y = 3x/20

x + 3x/20 = 50

23x = 1000

x = 1000/23 = 43.48 deaths by smoking

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