20. In a Japanese study, \"researchers looked at 35 people with lower back pain

Question

20. In a Japanese study, "researchers looked at 35 people with lower back pain who were enrolled in an aquatic exercise program, which included swimming and walk ing in a pool. Almost all of the patients showed improve- ments after six months, but the researchers found that those who participated at least twice weekly showed more significant improvement that those who went only once per week." Which of the following statements is true? A) This experiment proves that swimming causes a reduction in lower back pain. B) This study is a poorly designed experiment since there is no control group and no randomization. C) Conclusions based on this observational study are suspect since participation in the aquatic program may be confounded with other lifestyle behaviors that may cause the improvement in lower back health D) Conclusions based on this observational study are suspect since a sample size of 35 is too small E) This study is not an observational study since the aquatic program is a treatment. (Source: "Ask Well: What are the best swimming strokes 19, 2013, D5.) to alleviate lower back pain?" New York Times, February

Explanation / Answer

The first option A) is not correct. Because there are two type of exercise as swimming and walking in a pool and not only swimming.

The second option is not correct because there is a control group as how many times someone swim in a week.

The study is not only observational so option C) and D) are not correct.

So option E) is the correct option.

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