Question 1 (a) A project is to construct additional floors on an already existin

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Question 1 (a) A project is to construct additional floors on an already existing office bloci Describe the investigations needed on the existing structure required in this undertaking. (b) Describe some specific examples (one for each) of public structures that relate to the following categories i. Solid structures ii. Framed structures ii Surface structures Question2 (a) Describe the types of vertical loads that have to be considered in the design and construction of buildings. Categorize these loads and discuss the challenges in accurately calculating or estimating these loads. (b) A 15-story commercial office building is 45m high. Basic wind pressure of this region is po= 0.65 kN/m. The width of the windward side of the building is 45m. Estimate the overturning moment Mw and shear force Qw induced by wind load upon the foundation. The shape coefficients of wind load are: windward side ,-0.7 building bears uniform wind pressure po. 5; leeward side -=-04. Assume that the

Explanation / Answer

Question.1. Solution.1.

a.) a project is to construct additional floors on an already existing office block.describe the investigation needed on the existing structure required in this undertaking are:

(i)Identification of the project.

(ii) Preparation of outline or feasibility plan of the project.

(iii) Preparation of detailed plan of the project.

(iv) Preparation of estimates of the project.

(v) Preparation of tender documents of the project.

Solution b.) (i) Solid Structure- A solid structure is a strong, relying on solid construction materialsto support loads. Large structures have a large mass.Large solid structure can resistpowerful forces (like a force of waterof a dam). For example- 1. Solid structure made from marble like statue etc.

2. Solid structure made from wood ;

3.  Solid structure made from Concrete.

ii) Framed Structure-A framed structure is a network of beams and columns joined up to form the skeleton framework of the building. The structural frame carries the total load of the building and transfers it to the foundation. Example of Frame Structure are:

1. Metal frame of a building.

2.Frame made by web

3.Metal frame of games like hockey net, door frame etc.

iii) Surface Structure- Surface structures are structural elements that are able to transfer load basically throughmembrane stresses. Surface structures have small thickness compare to their other dimensions. Sometimes the material is very flexible and can take the form of the tent or air-inflated structure.In both cases the material acts as a membrane that is subjected to pure tension. Example of Surface Structure are:

1.MEMBRANE STRUCTURE (TENT)

2.Anticlastic shape of an integrated photovoltaic- PTFE-membrane structure with appliedlaminates

3.PNEUMATIC MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

4.Crymlyn Viaduct over the Ebbw Alley

Question2. Solution.2.

a.)The types of loads acting on structures for buildings and other structures can be broadly classified as vertical loads, horizontal loads and longitudinal loads. The vertical loads consist of dead load, live load and impact load.The horizontal loads comprises of wind load and earthquake load. The longitudinal loads i.e. tractive and braking forces are considered in special case of design of bridges, gantry girders etc..

Types of loads acting on a structure are:

1. Choice of work method.

2. Output of crew (given the firm’s unique efficiency).

3. Cost of labor

4. Cost of material and selection of an appropriate wastage allowance.

5. Addition of overheads and profit

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