Question 1 (6 pts) Animal cloning is now a reality after the first successful at

Question

Question 1 (6 pts) Animal cloning is now a reality after the first successful attempt with Dolly

a) (4 pts) Describe ALL detail steps of the methodology used to clone an animal.

b) (2 pts) Describe 2 differences between the METHODS used to clone an animal and to make a transgenic animal.

a) (2pts) Draw the gel as it would look like after you do PCR for these 5 SSRs and run the suspect's DNA by electrophoresis. Use the empty gel below, label each fragment in your gel, use the DNA ladder as a control to put your fragments according to size.

b) (4pts) What is the probability that a randomly sampled person from this population would also have this genotype?

c) (2pts) If the DNA extracted from evidence in the crime scene has the same DNA profile as the suspect (C,C); (G,G); (H,I);(K,L); (O,O) could you conclude that the suspect is guilty of the crime? What could you conclude?

Question 3. (6 pts) In class, we described 3 different types of DNA markers.

a) Please list them, give full names and a description of each one.

b) Identify the most commonly used or appropriate technology to analyze and detect polymorphism in each one of the three DNA markers mentioned above

Bonus question:

Question a (4 pts) How has the Bt protein been used to increase insect-resistance in plants? Include in your answer its function, its origin, the "meaning" of "Bt" and why the Bt protein is not toxic to humans.

Question 1 (6 pts) Animal cloning is now a reality after the first successful attempt with Dolly a) (4 pts) Describe ALL detail steps of the methodology used to clone an animal b) (2 pts) Describe 2 differences between the METHODS used to clone an animai and to make a transgenic animal. a) Question 2. (8pts) Five SSR loci were determined to have the following allele frequencies in the general population and fragment sizes: SSR4 SSR5 SSR 3 Allele and freg SSR 1 SSR 2 Allele and frea Allele and freg Allele and freq Allele and A: 0.1 200 bp E:0.4 300 bp H:0.3 130 bp K:0.5 280 bp N:0.2 400 b B 0.55|150 bp F:0.41320 bpT03 180 bpIL:0.2 50 bp ) 0.3 1250 bp C: 0.25 100 bp G:0.2 340 bp J: 0.4 70 bp M:0.3 D: 0.1 110 bp P:0.5 P:0.5 500 bp "*” Indicates column with fragment size for each allele. A suspect in a criminal trial was genetically tested for these loci and was found to have the genotype (C, C) for SSR 1, (G, G) for SSR 2, (H, 1) for SSR 3, (K,L) for SSR4 and (O,O) for SSR5

Explanation / Answer

1. a) Cloning is the process by which similar populations of organisms are created which are genetically identical in nature. This occurs when the organisms reproduce asexually.

The steps used to clone an animal essentially utilises reproductive cloning. Reproductive cloning involves somatic cell nuclear transfer to create genetically similar individuals.

The first step involves the removal of an egg from the ovary of a female organism. Next, it was followed by removal of nucleus from the egg cell. Third, a nucleus was taken from a somatic cell of an adult animal and was inserted into the empty egg cell of the female animal. Then, it was followed by the normal development of the fused cell with nucleus from one cell and cytoplasm from the other. Then just before the differentiation of the dividing cells, the cells were implanted into the uterus of a female animal which now acts as a surrogate one. The cells begin their normal development which then gives rise to a cloned animal.

b) Differences between the methods used to create cloned animal and transgenic animal:

Cloned Animal Transgenic animal 1. Involves the transfer of nucleus from a somatic cell to the egg cell of recipient. 1. Involves direct microinjection of gene construct from one cell to the pronucleus of another cell. 2. Involves transfer of the egg cell to the uterus of the female animal. 2. Involves transfer of ovum to the oviduct of the foster animal which has been induced to mate with a vasectomized male.

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