During initial operation, the LHC was running at a proton beam energy of 3.5 TeV

Question

During initial operation, the LHC was running at a proton beam energy of 3.5 TeV per beam. Now, it has been ‘upgraded’ to operate at 14 TeV ‘total’ energy. Assume the LHC is a perfectly circular machine of circumference to be 26 km, and that the fields of the dipoles occupy 90% of the accelerator ring. Calculate the field required in Tesla and the synchrotron radiation loss per turn at the energy at which the machine was running (3.5 TeV) and then again after upgrade.

Beyond the LHC, scientists consider building a larger next-generation collider of either 50 km or 100 km circumference. What is the maximum field that can be generated by an LHC-style magnet? Given that maximum, what are the highest energies that could be achieved for a 50 km and for a 100 km ring assuming steering magnets are the only constraint and 80% diopole occupancy? For this maximum energy case, how much energy would be lost per turn by a proton and, instead, for the same energy electron?

3. A bound state of an electron and a positron called a positronium will decay through annihilation to two photons, each of energy E0.511 MeV. The polarization of the two photons are described by the state: (a) Express this state in term of linear polarization j,y 12 90 Ps Figure 1: set up of problem 3 (b) This setup is analogous to the calcium experiment described in class, but the polarization of the photons is difficult to detect in practice because of their high energy. It can be done through Compton scattering (this experiment was done by Wu and Shaknov in 1950) at scattering angle 90°. It can be shown that at this angle, each scattered photon has energy E/2, and the probability that an annihilation photon becomes a Compton-scattered photon is proportional tro 1+8( where E and e, are unit vectors in the direction of annihilation and scattered photon linear polar- ization, respectively The plane defined by the momenta k of a given incident and scattered photon pair (e.g. the plane defined by ki and kj) may be rotated through an angle with respect to the plane defined by k2 and k2'. Show that the coincidence rate for detection of the two scattered photons is proportional to R(0) = 1-800s 13 To derive this result you have to assume that the scattering process are incoherent

Explanation / Answer

The LHC to the stands still

testing has focused on the 10 thousand high-current superconducting having electrical connections..

like the one that led to the problematic

it has two parts

the superconductor itself, and a copper stabilizer that carries the current

when superconductor warms up & stops superconducting,

a famous quench

In their normal superconducting state,

there is small electrical resistance across these connections,

but in a small number of cases abnormally high resistances have been found in the superconductor.

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