you fall down a flight of stairs and suffer spinal cord damagedue to hyperextens

Question

you fall down a flight of stairs and suffer spinal cord damagedue to hyperextension of your spinal cord during the fall. the injury results in edema of the central cord with resultingcompression of the ventral (anterior) horn cells of the brachial plexus region lunbar-sacral plexus region what would you expect to observe as a result of injury to anyone of these areas-- symptoms; types of injury(ies)? you fall down a flight of stairs and suffer spinal cord damagedue to hyperextension of your spinal cord during the fall. the injury results in edema of the central cord with resultingcompression of the ventral (anterior) horn cells of the brachial plexus region lunbar-sacral plexus region what would you expect to observe as a result of injury to anyone of these areas-- symptoms; types of injury(ies)?

Explanation / Answer

Spinal Nerves- 31 Pairs

-       Arise from the Spinal cordand Supply all parts of the body except for the head and theneck

-       All Are mixed nerves

-       Named According to theirpoint of issue from the spinal cord

-       8 Pairs of cervical(C1-C8)

-       12 Pairs of Thoracic(T1-T12)

-       5 Pairs of Lumbar (L1-L5)

-       5 Pairs of Sacral (S1-S5)

-       1 pair of tiny CoccygealNerves (C0)

Terminology

-       Branches- Structures passingthrough the Intervetrabal Foramen

-       Dorsal Root- Branchcontaining SENSORY Fibers

-       Ventral Root- Branchcontaining MOTOR Fibers

-       Dorsal Ramus- Deep musclesand skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk

-       Ventral Ramus- Muscles andstructures of the upper and lower limbs and the lateral and ventraltrunk

-       Meningeal Branch- Vertebrae,Vertebral Ligaments, Blood Vessels of the Spinal cord andMeninges

-       Plexus- Intertwining ofSeveral Ventral Rami

Each Spinal Nerve connects to the Spinal Cord by a Dorsalroot

A Spinal nerve is quite short (1-2 cm) because almostimmediately after emerging from its foramen it divides into a smallDorsal Ramus and a Larger Ventral Ramus and a tiny MeningealBranch- that reenters the Vertebral Canal to innervate the meningesand blood vessels within

-Joined to the base of the Ventral Rami of the Thoracic SpinalNerves are specialized Rami called Rami communicates- which containautonomic (Visceral) Nerve Fibers

- All Ventral Rami Branch and join one another Lateral to toVertebral column forming complicated Nerve Plexuses

With in a Plexus Fibers become distributed so that:

-       Each resulting branch of thePlexus conatins fibers from serveal Spinal Nerves

-       Fibers from each VentralRamus travel to the body periphery via several routes

-       Each Muscle inside a Limbreceives its nerve supply from more that one Spinal Nerve

Cervical Region (8)

-       Cervical Plexus- Formed bythe Ventral Rami of the first 4 cervical Nerves

-       Most branches are cutaneousnerves that serve the skin of the neck and ear area

-       Other branches innervateMuscles of the anterior neck

-       Phrenic Nerve (C3 & C4)-Single most Important Cervical Nerve- Supplies both Sensory andMotor Neurons to the Diaphragm for Breathing

Brachial Plexus (C5-C8)- Gives rise to virtually all the Nervesthat innervate the Upper Limb

Radial Nerve- The Largest branch of the Brachial Plexus andproduces elbow extension, Forearm Supination, Wrist and Fingerextension and Thumb Abduction

-       Wraps around the Humerus inthe Radial Groove

Ulnar Nerve- Branches off the Medial cord of the plexus- behindthe medial epicondyle and follows the ulna down- produces wrist andfinger Flexion, Adduction as well as Abduction of the medialfingers

Median Nerve- Descends through the arm to the anterior forearm-Pronates the forearm, Flexes the Wrist and Fingers, Opposes thethumbs

Suprascapular Nerve- Innervates the Supraspinatous andInfraspinatous Muscles for movement of the shoulder

Thoracic Region (12)- Only in the Thorax are the Ventral Ramiarranged in a simple segmented pattern corresponding to that of theDorsal Rami

-       Form the Intercostal Nerves-These nerves give off cutaneous branches to the skin

-       Innervate the IntercostalMuscles for breathing

-       External Intercostals forEveryday Breathing

Lumbar Region (5)- The Lumbar Plexus arises from Spinal Nerves(L1-L4) and lies within the Psoas Major Muscle

Femoral Nerve- Largest Terminal Nerve of this Plexus, Innervatesthe anterior muscles of the thigh (Quads), Thigh Flexors & Kneeextensors

-       Branches to form theSaphenous Nerve on the Medial Thigh and Knee

Obturator Nerve- Enters the medial thigh through the ObturatorForamen and innervates the Adductor Muscles

Sacral Region (5)

-       Sacral Plexus arises fromSpinal Nerves (L4-S4) lies immediately Caudal (Behind) to theLumbar Plexus

Sciatic Nerve- Thickest and Longest nerve in the Body

-       Supplies the entire LowerLimb except for the Anteromedial Thigh

-       The Sciatic Nerve branches toform the Tibial Nerve through the Popliteal Fossa

The Tibial nerve gives off to the Sural Nerve- skin of theposterior Lateral Calf

At the Ankle the Tibial Nerve divides into the Medial &Lateral Plantar Nerves- Serve the foot

-Fibular Nerve- Wraps around the head of the Femur, divides intosuperior and Inferior branches- Innervates Knee Joint, Skin ofLateral Calf, extensors that Dorsiflex the foot

Coccygeal Region (1)

-       Innervates the tailbone andthe muscles and skin of the Perineum (Between the Genitals)

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