As evidence on the adverse effects of cigarette smoke grew, people tried many di
ID: 3223033 • Letter: A
Question
As evidence on the adverse effects of cigarette smoke grew, people tried many different ways to quit smoking.Some people tried chewing tobacco or, as it was called, smokeless tobacco.A small amount of tobacco was placed between the cheek and gum.Certain chemicals from the tobacco were absorbed into the bloodstream and gave the sensation of smoking cigarettes.This prompted studies on the adverse effects of smokeless tobacco.
One study in particular used 40 university students as subjects. Twenty were given smokeless tobacco to chew, and twenty given a substance that looked and tasted like smokeless tobacco, but did not contain any of the harmful substances. The students were randomly assigned to one of the groups. The students’ blood pressure and heart rate were measured before they started chewing and 20 minutes after they had been chewing. A significant increase in heart rate occurred in the group that chewed the smokeless tobacco. Answer the following questions.
(2 pts) What type of study was this (observational or experimental)?
(2 pts) What are the independent and dependent variables?
(2 pts) Which was the treatment group?
(3 pts) Could the students’ blood pressures be affected by knowing that they are part of a study?Explain.
(3 pts) List some possible confounding variables. (At least 2)
(3 pts) Do you think this is a good way to study the effect of smokeless tobacco? Explain. (Your answer will be graded on your explanation.)
Explanation / Answer
1- This was experimental study as subjects were divided in to treatment (smokeless tobacco ) and control group (substance similar to smokeless tobacco but does not contain tobacco).
2- Independent variable is treatment (smokeless/control) and dependent variable is heart rate.
3- Treatment group is the group of subjects given smokeless tobacco
4-Yes, this is because in order to affect the study and get the Significant results, the experimenter may deliberately assign treatment group to high blood pressure group.
5- Possible confounding variables are age and blood pressure as both affect heart rate
6- No, because subjects should be controlled for age and blood pressure before the study.
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