Which of the following is true about experimental studies? Check all that apply.
ID: 3205971 • Letter: W
Question
Which of the following is true about experimental studies? Check all that apply.
A- Experiments might have confounds.
B- Experiments might not be generalizable to external contexts.
C- Experiments look at natural correlations between variables instead of manipulating variables.
D- Experiments use manipulations to illustrate causality.
E- Experiments use random assignment to keep all other variables that are not of interest constant across conditions.
F- Results of experiments are on average for the sample population and are not universal rules.
G- There may be important moderators missing from the results portrayed in the study.
H- There may be important mediators missing from the results portrayed in the study.
Which of the following is true about observational studies? Check all that apply.
A- There may be alternative explanations as to why two variables correlate besides that the first variable
causes the second variable.
B- Observational studies look at natural correlations between variables instead of manipulating variables.
C- Observational studies use manipulations to illustrate causality.
D- Observational studies use random assignment to keep all variables that are not of interest constant
across conditions.
E- Results of observational studies are on average for the sample population and are not universal rules.
F- There may be important moderators missing from the results portrayed in the study.
G- There may be important mediators missing from the results portrayed in the study.
THESE QUESTIONS HAVE TO BE ANSWERED READING THIS ARTICLE. http://sunainachugani.com/redplatesjunkfood/ (THAT IS LINK TO THE ARTICLE)
(This study is unpublished work.)
Researcher Finds that Red Plates Increase Consumption of Junk Food (This study is unpublished work.)
1. What type of study is featured in this article?
A- Experimental
B- Observational
2. What is the independent variable (IV) in this study?
A- Number of students in the study
B- Weight of students
C- Chips eaten
D- Plate color
3. What is the dependent variable (DV) in this study?
A- Number of students in the study
B- Weight of students
C- Chips eaten
D- Plate color
4. What is the causal story that the news story is trying to tell (and the story that lay readers will assume, either correctly or incorrectly)?
A- Eating from a red plate causes increased consumption of junk food.
B- Students who struggle with weight loss should eat less junk food.
C- Watching a movie increases junk food consumption.
5. Assume the causal story between the IV and the DV that you indicated in #4 above was proven to be true. Which of the following are accurate descriptions of potential moderating variables? Check all that apply.
A- Visibility of food: Maybe consumers can more easily track their junk food consumption on white plates because white makes the food stand out, so consumers are better able to keep their junk food consumption low. On red plates, the amount of junk food on the plate stands out less, so consumers are less able to track how much they eat and they end up eating more.
B- Health Consciousness of Consumer: Maybe consumers who care about their health will eat a lot less junk food than consumers who do not care that much about their health.
C- Health Consciousness of Consumer: Maybe red plates cause less junk food consumption only for people who are not health conscious because they are the ones who can be swayed by environmental signals like plate color. If consumers are health conscious, maybe it doesn't matter what color the plate is, they will always eat very minimal junk food.
D- Consumer Hunger Level: Maybe consumers who are very hungry will eat more junk food than consumers who are less hungry.
E- Passion: Maybe red unconsciously signals "passion" to consumers which causes them to eat more junk food.
F- Age of Consumer: Maybe red plates cause more junk food consumption if the consumer is younger and thus more susceptible to environmental cues like plate color. If the consumer is older, maybe plate color will not influence junk food consumption because older consumers tend to be more savvy about their consumption decisions.
6. Assume the causal story between the IV and the DV that you indicated in #4 above was proven to be true. Which of the following are accurate descriptions of potential mediating variables? Check all that apply.
A- Visibility of food: Maybe consumers can more easily track their junk food consumption on white plates because white makes the food stand out, so consumers are better able to keep their junk food consumption low. On red plates, the amount of junk food on the plate stands out less, so consumers are less able to track how much they eat and they end up eating more.
B- Health Consciousness of Consumer: Maybe consumers who care about their health will eat a lot less junk food than consumers who do not care that much about their health.
C- Health Consciousness of Consumer: Maybe red plates cause less junk food consumption only for people who are not health conscious because they are the ones who can be swayed by environmental signals like plate color. If consumers are health conscious, maybe it doesn't matter what color the plate is, they will always eat very minimal junk food.
D- Consumer Hunger Level: Maybe consumers who are very hungry will eat more junk food than consumers who are less hungry.
E- Passion: Maybe red unconsciously signals "passion" to consumers which causes them to eat more junk food.
F- Age of Consumer: Maybe red plates cause more junk food consumption if the consumer is younger and thus more susceptible to environmental cues like plate color. If the consumer is older, maybe plate color will not influence junk food consumption because older consumers tend to be more savvy about their consumption decisions.
[Answer this question ONLY if you categorized this study as "Experimental" in #1 above.]
7. One thing to watch out for in experimental studies are experimental confounds. Do you see any serious experimental confounds in this experiment?
A- This was published in a top journal so there are likely no serious confounds.
B- This was NOT published in a top journal and there is NO serious confound.
C- This was NOT published in a top journal and there IS a serious confound. Please explain what the confound is:
____________________________________________
[Answer this question ONLY if you categorized this study as "Observational" in #1 above.]
8. The causal story is only one explanation as to why these variables may be correlated. Which of the following are accurate descriptions of alternative explanations (besides causality) as to why these variables may be correlated? Check all that apply.
A- Mood as Third Explanatory Variable: Maybe when consumers are in a good mood they are more likely to choose a red plate because it is more fun, and when consumers are in a good mood they are also more likely to eat more junk food.
B- Spurious Correlation: Maybe the correlation is just a coincidence.
C- Reverse Causality: Maybe red unconsciously signals "passion" to consumers which causes them to eat more junk food.
D- Consumer Hunger Level as Third Explanatory Variable: Maybe consumers who are very hungry will eat a lot more junk food than consumers who are less hungry.
E- Health Consciousness of Consumer as Third Explanatory Variable: Maybe consumers who care about their health will eat a lot less junk food than consumers who do not care that much about their health.
F- Reverse Causality: Maybe consumers who like to eat a lot of junk food have the type of personality that they prefer, and thus choose, to eat from red plates.
Explanation / Answer
Solution:-
1. The type of study is featured in this article is
A- Experimental
2. The independent variable (IV) in this study is
D- Plate color
3. The dependent variable (DV) in this study is
C- Chips eaten
4. The causal story that the news story is trying to tell (and the story that lay readers will assume, either correctly or incorrectly) is
A- Eating from a red plate causes increased consumption of junk food.
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