5. What variable on Table 3 has the result F = 10.6, p < 0.0001? What does the r

Question

5. What variable on Table 3 has the result F = 10.6, p < 0.0001? What does the result mean?

6. ANOVA was used for analysis by Mayland et al. (2014) . Would t -tests have also been appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

7. What type of post hoc analysis was performed? Is the post hoc analysis performed more or less conservative than the Scheffé test?

Introduction The Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) for the Dying Patient was created to address the need for better end of life care for both patients and families, which had been identified as an issue in the United Kingdom at the national level. "LCP is an integrated care pathway used in the last days and hours of life that aims to transfer the hospice principles of best practice into the acute hospital and other settings" (Mayland et al., 2014, p. 688). "Evalu- ating Care and Health Outcomes-for the Dying (ECHO-D) is a post-bereavement ques tionnaire that assesses quality of care for the dying and is linked with the Liverpool Care Pathway for the Dying Patient (LCP)" (Mayland et al., 2014, p. 687) The purpose of this comparative descriptive study was to assess the internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and construct validity of the key composite subscales of the ECHO-D scale. The study's convenience sample consisted of 255 next-of-kin or close family members of the patients with an anticipated death from cancer at either the selected hospice or hospital in Liverpool, United Kingdom. The sample consisted of three groups of family members based on where the patients received end of life care; the hospice, which used LCP; the hospital group that also used LCP; and another group from the same hospital that did not use LCP. The ECHO-D questionnaire was completed by all 255 study participants and a subset of self-selected participants completed a second ECHO-D 1 month after the completion of the first ECHO-D. Mayland and colleagues (2014) concluded their study provided additional evidence of reliability and validity for ECHO-D in the assessment of end of life care Relevant Study Results Overall, hospice participants had the highest scores for all composite scales, and hospital without LCP' participants had the lowest scores (Tables 2 and 3). The scores for the "hos pital with LCP' participants were between these two levels" (Mayland et al., 2014, p. 693) The level of significance was set at 0.05 for the study. One-way analysis of variance was calculated to assess differences among the hospice, hospital with LCP, and hospital without LCP groups. Post hoc testing was conducted with the Tukey HSD test. ANOVA and post hoc results are displayed in Tables 2 and 3

Explanation / Answer

As can be seen in table 3 , the variable is symptom treatment , as the p value is less than 0.05 we can say that the f test is signifcant for the anova. Which means the group means are different but this doesnt tell that which groups are different

6 } T test is normally used when there are only 2 groups to compare , however in this question we have more than 2 groups (4) , hence anova is appropriate here, Anova tries to compare the group means of more than 2 groups against a dependent variable. However it is a omnibus test , which means it only tells that the groups are different but doesnt tell which groups are different.

7) when the anova results come out to be significant , we perform a post hoc test which compares the means 2 groups at a time and then computes the p values for each test , whenever the difference is significant p value is less than 0.05 . When many or all contrasts are of interest then Scheffe test normally gives narrow confidence limits , hence is usually a preferred method , however if we are interested in pairwise comparison of the groups then we tukey hsd gives narrow confidence limits , hence it is preferred in this case .

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