A. Best Study Design Describe the best study design and a brief reason for selec

Question

A. Best Study Design Describe the best study design and a brief reason for selecting that study design, to answer each of the following questions: 1. Does irradiation of the thymus in childhood increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer, brain tumors, and tumors of the nasal-pharyngeal cavities in later life? Note: Irradiation of the thymus was abandoned over two decades ago. 2. Does the introduction of indoor tanning legislation decrease melanoma incidence? 3. Does hormone replacement therapy reduce risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis? 4. Does exposure to UV light therapy (to lower bilirubin levels) as an infant increase the risk of developing anaplastic astrocytoma in adulthood? Anaplastic astrocytoma is a very rare brain cancer with an incidence rate of 4.4 per million persons, that is typically diagnosed in adults age 30-50 years old)? 5. Does exposure to pesticides during pregnancy increase the risk of having a low birth-weight baby? 6. What is the association between alcohol use and Hepatitis C infection among injection drug users in Tijuana in 2015?

Explanation / Answer

1.Ionization Radiation (IR) is a human carcinogen. Pediatric exposures to the thymus irradiation increase the lifetime risks of developing radiation-induced malignancies because of the radiosensitivity of their developing organs and tissues.

2. Indoor tanning exposes users to two types of UV rays, UVA, and UVB. Exposure to UV rays while indoor tanning increases the risk of melanoma.

3. Hormone replacement therapy at different doses restores bone mineral density at all skeletal sites, thereby reducing the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

4.UV light is a carcinogen and exposure of UV light therapy to infants increases the likelihood of developing different types of cancers including Anaplastic astrocytoma.

5. Yes, the exposure of pregnant women to pesticides is a major health concern affecting nearly 5-10% of newborns. Reports suggest prenatal exposure to pesticides increases the probability to have babies with low birth weight by 1.6 times.

6. Even moderate alcohol intakes have been shown to enhance the disease progression in this case study, accelerating liver damage.

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