In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth?
ID: 3154944 • Letter: I
Question
In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth? One study classified each of 1509 full-page or larger ads as "not sexual" or "sexual," according to the amount and style of the dress of the male or female model in the ad. The ads were also classified according to the target readership of the magazine. Here is the two-way table of counts. Magazine readership Model dress Women Men General interest Total Not sexual 356 524 251 1131 Sexual 208 95 75 378 Total 564 619 326 1509
(a) Summarize the data numerically and graphically. (Compute the conditional distribution of model dress for each audience. Round your answers to three decimal places.)
Women Men General Not sexual Sexual
(b) Perform the significance test that compares the model dress for the three categories of magazine readership. Summarize the results of your test and give your conclusion. (Use = 0.01.)
2 =
P-value =
Conclusion
Reject the null hypothesis, there is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.
Reject the null hypothesis, there is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.
(c) All of the ads were taken from the March, July, and November issues of six magazines in one year. Discuss this fact from the viewpoint of the validity of the significance test and the interpretation of the results.
This is an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect.
This is not an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect.
This is not an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.
This is an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.
Explanation / Answer
In what ways do advertisers in magazines use sexual imagery to appeal to youth? One study classified each of 1509 full-page or larger ads as "not sexual" or "sexual," according to the amount and style of the dress of the male or female model in the ad. The ads were also classified according to the target readership of the magazine. Here is the two-way table of counts. Magazine readership Model dress Women Men General interest Total Not sexual 356 524 251 1131 Sexual 208 95 75 378 Total 564 619 326 1509
(a) Summarize the data numerically and graphically. (Compute the conditional distribution of model dress for each audience. Round your answers to three decimal places.)
Women Men General Not sexual Sexual
Model dress
Women
Men
General interest
Total
Not sexual
0.631
0.847
0.770
0.750
Sexual
0.369
0.153
0.230
0.250
Total
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
(b) Perform the significance test that compares the model dress for the three categories of magazine readership. Summarize the results of your test and give your conclusion. (Use = 0.01.)
2 = 73.801
P-value =0.0000
Conclusion
Reject the null hypothesis, there is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.
Reject the null hypothesis, there is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is not significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is significant evidence of an association between target audience and model dress.
(c) All of the ads were taken from the March, July, and November issues of six magazines in one year. Discuss this fact from the viewpoint of the validity of the significance test and the interpretation of the results.
This is an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect.
This is not an SRS. This gives us no reason to believe our conclusions are suspect.
This is not an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.
This is an SRS. This gives us reason to believe our conclusions might be suspect.
Chi-Square Test
Observed Frequencies
Column variable
Calculations
Model dress
Women
Men
General interest
Total
fo-fe
Not sexual
356
524
251
1131
-66.7197
60.0577
6.6620
Sexual
208
95
75
378
66.7197
-60.0577
-6.6620
Total
564
619
326
1509
Expected Frequencies
Column variable
Model dress
Women
Men
General interest
Total
(fo-fe)^2/fe
Not sexual
422.7197
463.9423
244.338
1131
10.5307
7.7745
0.1816
Sexual
141.2803
155.0577
81.66203
378
31.5084
23.2618
0.5435
Total
564
619
326
1509
Data
Level of Significance
0.01
Number of Rows
2
Number of Columns
3
Degrees of Freedom
2
Results
Critical Value
9.210
Chi-Square Test Statistic
73.801
p-Value
0.0000
Model dress
Women
Men
General interest
Total
Not sexual
0.631
0.847
0.770
0.750
Sexual
0.369
0.153
0.230
0.250
Total
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
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