Both observational studies and experiments can determine a causative relationshi

Question

Both observational studies and experiments can determine a causative relationship between variables. 2. Incorporating randomization in a design will ensure confounding variables are negated. 3. A statistical analysis will have more power when experimental units are more similar to each other. 4. Bias may occur if human participants are aware of the treatment they are placed in. 5. Replication allows treatment effects to be distinguished from chance variation. 6. The paired-sample design is a type of randomized block design. 7. The experimental unit can be different from the sampling unit. 8. Control is a method used to reduce bias in experimental designs. 9. The f-distribution is a type of normal distribution. 10. According to the central limit theorem, the r-test can be performed when the sample size is larg even if Kis not normally distributed_11. The paired-sample design is always more powerful than the independent sample design. 12. The Mann-Whitney U-test is a nonparametric analog of the two-sample t-tst. 13. In an experiment establishing treatments also establishes populations of interest. 14. The two-sample f-test assumes the two populations have the same variance. 15. Random sampling produces observations that are independent and identically distributed. 16. A straight diagonal line in a normal quantile plot indicates the distribution is normal. 17. A non-normal distribution can be converted to a normal distribution with a transformatic 18. Nonparametric statistics make fewer but are also not as powerful as their parametric equivalents. 19. The Mann-Whitney (/-test analyzes the ranks of the data instead of the data itself._20. The effect size between a treatment and a control can be measured with a confidence v_21. When sample sizes are large, a Z-approximation can be used for the Mann-Whitney U-. 22. The Mest analyzes numerical data. 23.The independent observation assumption is not needed for the paired design. 24.The explanatory variable in an experiment can be called the factor.

Explanation / Answer

1) F 2) T 4) T   5) T

6) randomized block design is a generalization of the paired t test

7)T   8)F   9)T 10)F 11)T 12)T

14)T 15)T 16)T 17) T 18) T

19)F 21)T 22)T 24) T

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