EXPERIMENT OR OBSERVATIONAL? Cornell University researchers went to a health and

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EXPERIMENT OR OBSERVATIONAL? Cornell University researchers went to a health and fitness camp for teenagers. As the campers entered the cafeteria line, they were randomly given either a tall slender glass or a short wide one. Both glasses held 22 ounces. The researchers observed how much juice, milk or soda each camper poured into his/her glass. They found that teenagers with short glasses poured 50% more beverage into their glass than those who had a tall glass. Boys tended to "overpour" more than girls. Was this an experiment or an observational study? STUDY TYPE? In 2004 there was an outbreak of Hepatitis A in Massachusetts. Epidemiologists identified 20 cases, and nineteen agreed to fill out a questionnaire that asked about their previous relevant exposures, especially restaurants. A group of 38 non-diseased people who were similar to the diseased group with respect to gender, age, and neighborhood of residence also filled out the questionnaire. Based on the information gathered, epidemiologists identified a local restaurant where one of the employees with a sub- clinical case of Hepatitis A was the infectious source. This study represents which design? A. an experiment C. a survey D. a prospective observational study SAMPLING DESIGN? A large school district wants to survey a random sample of families. They decide to focus on families with fifth grade students. There are 6 elementary schools in the district, each having four fifth grade classes. They randomly choose 3 schools and then in each school they select one fifth grade class at random. In each of those classes they choose a simple random sample of 10 families. This type of sample is a A. simple random sample B. convenience sample C. stratified sample D. multistage sample NON-SAMPLING ERROR? Fortune Magazine emailed a questionnaire to the CEOs of all of the Fortune 500 companies. The magazine's website summarized the responses without specifying the response rate. Among the findings: 80% of the CEOs say they directly answer all or most of their email. why might this result be an overestimate? Match the reasons below with the type of bias represented. A wording effect B recall bias C response bias D non-response bias some CEOs may not want to admit that they don't answer email the non-responders may be less likely to answer their own email (and surveys) than the responders th respondents may not remember accurately what they have done in the past respondents generously interpreted the term "most of

Explanation / Answer

1) Observational study

2) Retrospective observational study ( Looking previous relevant exposures)

3) Multistage sample

4) i) non response bias

ii) response bias

iii) Recal bias

iv) wording effect

iv) Wording effect

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