PART A Read the following descriptions and identify the study design as ecologic
ID: 3052551 • Letter: P
Question
PART A Read the following descriptions and identify the study design as ecological, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort, or randomized controlled trial. Some might be used more than once.(1pt each) 1. A random digit dialing telephone survey community and gather information about height, weight, gender, race/ethnicity, and diabetes. The survey revealed a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes in Hispanics than in non- Hispanics. (1pt) was conducted to recruit a sample of individuals from a 2. State-level figures for fast food density (fast food restaurants per square mile) were calculated for all 50 states and compared to statewide obesity rate estimates obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. The analysis showed that obesity rates were significantly higher in states with a high density of fast food restaurants. (1pt) 3. A random sample of middle-aged sedentary adults was recruited from four census tracts, and each person was examined for coronary artery disease (CAD). All participants without disease were randomly assigned to either (1) a two-year program of aerobic exercise or (2) a two -year arthritis-prevention non-aerobic exercise program. Both groups were observed semiannually for incidence of CAD. (1pt) In several local hospitals, patients admitted for carcinoma of the stomach and patients without a diagnosis of cancer were interviewed about their chewing tobacco history to assess the possible association between chewing tobacco and stomach cancer. (1pt) 4. Questionnaires were mailed to every 10th person listed in a city telephone directory. Each person was asked to list age, sex, smoking habits, and respiratory symptoms during the preceding seven days. Recent respiratory symptoms were twice as prevalent among those who smoked cigarettes. (1pt) 5. A study investigated the incidence of prostate cancer in 58,279 men 69, with subjects childhood. Rates of prostate cancer were then restriction and those that were not exposed to such between the ages of 55 and classified according to whether they had experienced caloric restrictions during compared for those with evidence of caloric 6. deprivation. (1pt)Explanation / Answer
Answer to the question)
A brief all the research designs mentioned in the question is provided below:
Ecological Study: This study involves two factors: one is related to health and another one is realted to risk associated with the health factor. Suppose we say : smoking causes respiratory problem. So smoking is risk factor, and respiratory problem is a health concern. Any one of the factors in it is measured at a group level.
Cross-sectional study: it is an observational study , wherein different parts of the population are surveyed together at the same time. Thus the measurements of different populations are done simultaneously
Case-control study: this is an observational study, where there is one group on which has the disease and the other group called the control group which doesnot have the disease.
Cohort study: It is a special type of study that is done of subjects who are prospective to get the disease, and this study specifically stretches over time to observe if the subjects get the disease over the time
Randomized control design: This is an experimental design where the subjects are randomly assigned either to the contol group or treatment group. experiments and controls are applied in this study to draw inference about the variables involved.
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The study design used ofr th following cases is as discussed below:
1. In this study data is collected from a survey and the conclusion is drawn about the prevalances of diabetes on one race as compared to another. This implies multiple subsets of the population are observed. No experiment is involved. And the entire research is done at the same point of time. Thus it is a "Cross-Sectional Study"
2. In this study data fast food density is compared to statewide obesity rates. Thus one factor is the risk factor -"fast food density rate" and another factor is the health related factor - "obesity rate" . As observed we can see that one of the factors is mentioned at a group level. The diabetes rate is a statewide estimate used here. Hence this is an example of "Ecological Research design"
3. This study consists of subjects who are prospective to have the disease in future. They are assigned to two different programs, and observed over a two year time period. Such a design is called Cohort design , because the subjects do not have the disease at the time of starting of the research. The research being longitudinal in nature indicates that it is a "Cohort study"
4. In this scenario the subjects are just interviwed, no treatment or experiment is carried on. This tells us that it is an observational study. One group has cancer and anoter group does not have cancer. Thus this scenario is an example of "Case-Control study." There are two groups, one has the disease, other does not have the disease, and the design is observational in nature. That is what indicates that it is a "Case-Control Research Design"
5. Again in this design , the entire population or different subsets or groups of the population are surveyed. Only observation is made. The survey is carried out at a single point of time and inference about the smoking habits and respiratory problems are drawn. This indicates that it is a "cross-sectional study".
6. In this study data incidence of prostate cancer is compared to calorie restrictions during childhoos. Thus one factor is the risk factor -"calorie restirction during childhoos" and another factor is the health related factor - "Prostate cancer" . As observed we can see that one of the factors is mentioned at a group level. The prostate cancer rate is reported at a group level and nto at individual level. Hence this is an example of "Ecological Research design"
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