Deep water is formed: Select one: a. in polar regions b. in the center of gyres

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Deep water is formed:

Select one:

a. in polar regions

b. in the center of gyres

c. at the equator

d. in ocean trenches

Question 82

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Primary producers are organisms that get their energy from:

Select one:

a. photosynthesis

b. chemosynthesis

c. heterotrophy

d. a or b

e. a, b or c

Question 83

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The only ocean current that continues in an uninterrupted circle around the circumference of the Earth without encountering land is the:

Select one:

a. Gulf Stream

b. Kuroshio Current

c. Antarctic Circumpolar Current

d. Canary Current

Question 84

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When calcium carbonate dissolves in water, the water becomes more

Select one:

a. Its pH is unaffected.

b. acidic, its pH is higher

c. alkaline, its pH is lower

d. acidic, its pH is lower

e. alkaline, its pH is higher

Question 85

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Which of these does NOT affect sea level?

Select one:

a. warmer ocean temperatures

b. melting ice sheets

c. melting glaciers

d. melting sea ice

e. All of these affect sea level.

Question 86

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Changes in the rate of thermohaline circulation affect climate.

Select one:

True

False

Question 87

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Which orbital cycle changes the shape of the Earth's orbit?

Select one:

a. Precession

b. Obliquity

c. Eccentricity

d. tilt

Question 88

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{C}A jellyfish species that lives off the east coast of North America cannot swim against the Gulf Stream current. This jellyfish would be classified as:

Select one:

a. benthic

b. planktonic

c. nektonic

d. autotrophic

Question 89

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If a system is in steady state, then the rate at which a compound is added to the system and the rate at which it is removed:

Select one:

a. may be different, depending on the compound's residence time

b. must be different from one another

c. must both be zero

d. must be equal to one another

Question 90

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Eventually most anthropogenic carbon dioxide will:

Select one:

a. go into the ocean and its sediments

b. be trapped in air bubbles in ice sheets

c. stay in the atmosphere forever

d. be destroyed by ultraviolet radiation

e. escape into space

Question 91

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Continental crust can be found below sea level in some places.

Select one:

True

False

Question 92

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What effect do sulfate aerosols have on Earth's climate?

Select one:

a. cooling due to long-wave absorption

b. cooling due to high albedo

c. warming due to greenhouse effect

d. warming due to low albedo

Question 93

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If the East Pacific rise spreads at a rate of 10 cm/yr, how much new ocean crust will be produced in 10 million years (107 yrs)? (conversion: 100 cm = 1 m, 1000 m = 1 km)

Select one:

a. 10,000 km

b. 1000 km

c. 100 km

d. 10 km

e. 1 km

Question 94

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Which kind(s) of plate boundaries can form new ocean crust?

Select one:

a. divergent

b. transform

c. convergent

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

Question 95

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Where could you find rocks that are more than 1 billion years old?

Select one:

a. continental crust

b. ocean trenches

c. abyssal plains

d. mid-ocean ridges

e. all of the above

Question 96

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Most energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere but energy emitted by Earth does not because:

Select one:

a. the Earth does not emit energy

b. energy from the sun has traveled a greater distance

c. energy can pass downward through the atmosphere but not upward

d. energy from the Earth has a different wavelength than sunlight

Question 97

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In the modern ocean deep water does not form at low latitudes.

Select one:

True

False

Question 98

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Scientists reconstruct the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere during the Last Glacial Maximum using:

Select one:

a. bubbles in ice cores

b. air trapped below ground

c. estimates of ocean circulation change

d. estimates of past temperature change

Question 99

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What does the Pacific Ring of Fire refer to?

Select one:

a. An expedition route used by Christopher Columbus and Magellan

b. The Hawaiian Islands/hotspot

c. The largest volcanic system in the South America

d. The distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean

Question 100

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If a sediment core has new sediment on the top (0 yrs old) and sediment that is 100,000 years old at a depth of 20 m, what is the average rate that sediment was falling to the seafloor? (conversion: 1000 mm = 1 m)

Select one:

a. 0.2 mm/yr

b. 0.5 mm/yr

c. 2 mm/yr

d. 5 mm/yr

e. 20 mm/yr

Explanation / Answer

81) Option a is correct.

In polar regions.

Deep waters are "formed" where the air temperatures are cold and where the salinity of the surface waters are relatively high. The combinations of salinity and cold temperatures make the water denser and cause it to sink to the bottom.

82) Option a is correct

Photosynthesis

The primary producers are autotrophs and are most often photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae, or cyanobacteria.

83) Option c is correct.

Antartic Circumpolar Current

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