Deducing a Reaction Mechanism for the Isomerization of Maleic acid to fumaric ac

Question

Deducing a Reaction Mechanism for the Isomerization of Maleic acid to fumaric acid. I'm completing my organic chemistry lab report and answering questions and I have very confused and would appreciate any help and explanation please. I appreciate it.

Test Tube

Solids

Solvents

Precipitate

A

1.0 g maleic acid

3.0 mL 6 M HCl

Yes

B

1.0 g maleic acid

3.0 mL 3 M H2SO4

No

C

1.0 g maleic acid

0.5 g ammonium chloride

3.0 mL distilled water

No

D

1.0 g maleic acid

0.5 g ammonium chloride

3.0 mL 6 M HCl

Yes

E

1.0 g malic acid

3.0 mL 6 M HCl

No

F

1.0 g maleic acid

1.5 mL distilled water

2.0 mL conc. HBr

Yes

Possible Mechanisms for the Isomerization.

1. Maleic acid is activiated by visible light, and then rearranges to form fumaric acid. In this mechanism, the pi-bond is momentarily broken, allowing for the free rotation to give the more stable trans isomer. The double bond then reforms.

2. The rearrangement of maleic acid to fumaric acid is accomplished by the thermal excitation of the molecule. In this mechanism, the pi-bond is broken by the application of heat. As described above, this would allow rotation to occur and form the more stable trans isomer.

3. A nudeophilic addition of a chloride ion to maleic acid again permits free rotation, followed by release of the Cl- ion to produce fumaric acid.

4. An electrophilic addition of a proton to maleic acid, followed by rotation and then deprotonation.

5. Water adds to maleic acid (under acid catalysis) to form laic acid. Malic acid then rotates to a new conformation and elimenates water to form fumaric acid.

6. The addition of a proton to maleic acid leads to the formation of a lactone (cyclic ester) which undergoes a ring opening reaction to yield malic acid. Malic acid is then dehydrated to give fumaric acid.

7. A proton adds to the carbonyl oxygen to give an intermediate with a number of resonance structures. One of these resonance structures can freely rotate and deprotonation to give fumaric acid.

8. A proton adds to the carbonyl oxygen, followed by an addtion of a chloride ion. The product of this 1,4 addition then undergoes a free rotation, and hydrochloric acid is eliminated to produce fumaric acid.

So, I understand that I can go through a process and eliminate the first 7 reaction mechanisms to chose the last one #8 is close to the true state of affairs.

But I am struggling answering these questions, if anyone can help and provide an explanation I'd greatly appreciate it.

Questions #1: 1. Is visible light solely responsible for the isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid? Explain.

2. If the isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid is a thermal effect, which test tubes should contain fumaric acid?

3. For mechanism 3 to be correct, which test tubes should contain fumaric acid?

4. For mechanism 4 to be correct, which test tubes should contain fumaric acid?

5. For mechanism 5 to be correct, which test tubes must contain fumaric acid?

6. Which test might rule out mechanism 6 as a possibility?

7. For mechanism 7 to be correct, which test tubes must contain fumaric acid?

8. For mechanism 8 to be correct, which test tubes must contain fumaric acid?

Any help on these 8 determinations would be appreciated. Also, each question is suppose to have more than one test tube (ex. For mechanism 8, it would be test tubes A, D, F). Any correct help on these is much appreciated and will be rated accordingly.

Test Tube

Solids

Solvents

Precipitate

A

1.0 g maleic acid

3.0 mL 6 M HCl

Yes

B

1.0 g maleic acid

3.0 mL 3 M H2SO4

No

C

1.0 g maleic acid

0.5 g ammonium chloride

3.0 mL distilled water

No

D

1.0 g maleic acid

0.5 g ammonium chloride

3.0 mL 6 M HCl

Yes

E

1.0 g malic acid

3.0 mL 6 M HCl

No

F

1.0 g maleic acid

1.5 mL distilled water

2.0 mL conc. HBr

Yes

Explanation / Answer

1. Yes, visible light is solely responsible for the isomerization of maleic acid to fumaric acid. It has frequently been possible to convert cis to trans form equally the trans to cis form by photochemical means.

3. For mechanism 3 to be correct, test tubes A, C, D & F should contain fumaric acid.

4. For mechanism 4 to be correct, test tube B & C should contain fumaric acid.

5. For mechanism 5 to be correct, test tubes C, E &F must contain fumaric acid

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