What does the term orogenesis mean? What are some of the major orogenesis events

Question

What does the term orogenesis mean? What are some of the major orogenesis events? The oldest mountains in world are likely what mountain range?

Oceanic-continental plate collision (know the example from the powerpoint of where this happens)

Oceanic-oceanic plate collision (know the example from the powerpoint of where this happens)

Continental-continental plate collision (know the examples from the powerpoint of where this happens)

Terms associated with an earthquake: epicenter, focus, foreshock, and aftershock

Scales for rating and measuring earthquakes

Earthquake hazard areas in the US

What is the difference between lava and magma?

Volcanoes typically happen in which 3 settings?

Types of volcanoes: cinder cones, calderas, shield, composite (stratovolcanoes). Also know some examples of each.

Explanation / Answer

The term Orogenesis stands for mountain building processes. It is a collective geological processes which leads to the development of orogen or orogenic belt as a result of crumpling and pushing upward of lithospheric plate.

The major orogenesis from oldest to youngest are African orogenesis, Antarctic orogenesis, Asian orogenesis, European orogenesis, North American orogenesis, Australian orogenesis, New Zealand orogenesis, South American orogenesis

The Blue Ridge Mountains, Appalachians, USA, are considered as the oldest mountain in the world which have been dated as 1.2 billion years old.

Oceanic-continental plate collision: The western edge of South America represents the oceanic and continental plate collision zone where the Andes mountain range represents continental arc.

Oceanic-oceanic plate collision: The major oceanic-oceanic plate collisional zones in the world are Japan, Indonesia, the Philippine Island and the Aleutian island of Alaska.

Continental-continental plate collision: The well known continental-continental collisional sites in the world are the collisional belt between Indian plate and Asian plate which has given rise to Himilaan orogeny, and collisional events between East and West Gondwana to develop East African Orogen.

Terms associated with the earthquake:

Epicenter: It can be defined as a point on the earth surface which is vertically above the focus of an earthquake.

Focus: The term focus or hpocenter can be defined as the point of origin of an earthquake.

Foreshock : It can be defined as a mild termor which occurs before a large seismic events (mainshock). It is related to mainshock in both time and space.

Aftershock : Aftershock can be described as a relatively smallerearthquake termor which occurs after the occurrence of mainshock.

Scales for rating and measuring earthquakes are :

1. The Richter scale (magnitude based)

2. The Mercalli scale (Intensity based)

3. Moment magnitude scale

4. Rossi-Forel scale (Intensity based)

Earthquake hazard areas in the US are:

According to USGS the most significant earthquake haard areas of USA are Alaska, California, Hawaii, Arkansas, Idaho, Illinois, Montana, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, Oregon, South California, Tennessee, Utah, Washington and Wyoming.

Difference between lava and magma:

Magma is referred to molten rock material which are stored within the earth crust. When the magma comes to the surface of earth crust through volcanic vent it is called lava.

Volcanoes typically happen in the fallowing three settings:

1. Convergent plate boundry (subduction zone)

2. Diverent plate boundry (Mid oceanic ridge, continental rifts)

3. Hotspots

Types of volcanoes:

Cinder cones: Cinder cones are steep conical hills of pyroclastic materials eg Paricutin of Mexico, Cerro Negro in Nicaragua

Calderas: Large dipression formed due to the evacuation of magma from magma chamber e.g. Lake Toba in Indonesia.

Shield volcano: Volcanoes which are built entirely of fluid lava flow e.g. Mauna Kea of Hawaii

Composite volcano: Built up of multiple eruption, like lava and pyroclastic materials, St. Augustine volcano Alaska.

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