Use the following abstract to answer questions 19 19-22 BMC Genetics (2015) 16:8

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Use the following abstract to answer questions 19 19-22 BMC Genetics (2015) 16:81 The role of climate and out-of-Africa migration in the frequencies of risk alleles for 21 human dineases Lily M. Blair and Marcus W. Feldman Background Demography and environmental adaptation can affect the possibly the distribution of disease. Population been shown to decrease strongly with distance from Africa an serial founding events during the migration of humans out frequencies have been shown to change due to envir relationship of Out-of-Africa migration and climatic variables to the diseases global distribution of genetic variants and heterozygosity of single nucleotide polymorphisms has d this has been attributed to the effect of of Africa. Additionally, population allele onmental adaptation. Here, we investigate the distribution of risk alieles for 21 Results For each disease, we computed the regression of average heterozygosity and average allele frequency of the risk alleles with distance from Africa and 9 environmental variables. We compted theseE regressions to a null distribution created by regressing statistics on distance from Africa and these environmental variables for SNPs not associated with disease . Additionally, we used Bayenv 2.0 to assess vironmental adaptation associated with individual risk SNPs. For those SNPs in HGDP alleles for type 2 diabetes, we cannot reject that their distribution is as and HapMap that are risk expec more show signals of environmental adaptation. W autoimm ted from Out-of-Africa migration. However, the allelic statistics for many other diseases correlate closely with environmental variables than would be expected from the serial founder effect and e report strong environmental interactions with several une diseases, and note a particularly strong interaction between a sthma and summer humidity Additionally, we identified several risk genes with strong Conclusions: For most diseases, migration does not explain the distribution of risk alleles and the worldwide pattern of allele frequencies for some suggests that some selection has acted on these diseases. diseases may be better explained by environmental associations, which 19. What is true of the "serial founder effect? A All people of African descent are founders B All people across the globe are from a completely different gene pool C As migration occurs, the foundation of the worlds population gets stronger D At each step genetic polymorphism increases in the new population E At each step genetic polymorphism decreases in the new population 20. What would the map data (phenotype) look like from this study? A A,U,G,C B AA, Aa, aa C None of the above D A,T G.C E Both B and D 21. How many participants were used in this study? D Both A and B E Cannot determine A All Humans B Humans of African Origin C Europeans 22. What is the genotype that has migrated from Africa? A Type 2 diabetes risk alleles B Serial Founder Effect C Systemic Lupus D Climate Variables E All of the Above

Explanation / Answer

19) The serial founder effect states that at each step, the genetic polymorphisms decrease in the new population (option E).

20) From the study, the map data would look like AA, Aa and aa.

21) The number of individuals involved in the study cannot be determined.

22) The genotype that has migrated from Africa is type 2 diabetes risk alleles.

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