(a) You are bitten by a venomous snake at a nature center. You are rushed to the
ID: 281724 • Letter: #
Question
(a) You are bitten by a venomous snake at a nature center. You are rushed to the emergency room and given an antiserum. The snake handler says that he was bitten previously, but did not need treatment because he said he was exposed to venom so many times that he is immune.what is antiserum and will you have long lasting immunity to snake venom after this? If the snake handler has truly developed some level of immunity, then how that happened?(b) Why is it necessary that all three defining characteristics of the adaptive immune response (specifically, memory, and tolerance) be in place to maintain a functional and affective adaptive immune system?
(c)A child is stung by a bee at the beginning of the summer and has mild swelling and itching at the site of the siting. In late summer, the child is stung again, but this time rapidly develops anaphylaxis and is diagnosed with type I hypersensitivity to bee venom.If the child is allergic to bee venom, why was there no reaction after the first bee sting? What specificially happened after the first sting that led to the allergic reaction?
(d) Why is the secondary immune response stronger than a primary response in regard to antibodies?
(e) Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells and APCs. How does this relate to the activation of a much larger population of T cells than normal upon exposure to superantigens?
(a) You are bitten by a venomous snake at a nature center. You are rushed to the emergency room and given an antiserum. The snake handler says that he was bitten previously, but did not need treatment because he said he was exposed to venom so many times that he is immune.what is antiserum and will you have long lasting immunity to snake venom after this? If the snake handler has truly developed some level of immunity, then how that happened?
(b) Why is it necessary that all three defining characteristics of the adaptive immune response (specifically, memory, and tolerance) be in place to maintain a functional and affective adaptive immune system?
(c)A child is stung by a bee at the beginning of the summer and has mild swelling and itching at the site of the siting. In late summer, the child is stung again, but this time rapidly develops anaphylaxis and is diagnosed with type I hypersensitivity to bee venom.If the child is allergic to bee venom, why was there no reaction after the first bee sting? What specificially happened after the first sting that led to the allergic reaction?
(d) Why is the secondary immune response stronger than a primary response in regard to antibodies?
(e) Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells and APCs. How does this relate to the activation of a much larger population of T cells than normal upon exposure to superantigens?
(b) Why is it necessary that all three defining characteristics of the adaptive immune response (specifically, memory, and tolerance) be in place to maintain a functional and affective adaptive immune system?
(c)A child is stung by a bee at the beginning of the summer and has mild swelling and itching at the site of the siting. In late summer, the child is stung again, but this time rapidly develops anaphylaxis and is diagnosed with type I hypersensitivity to bee venom.If the child is allergic to bee venom, why was there no reaction after the first bee sting? What specificially happened after the first sting that led to the allergic reaction? (b) Why is it necessary that all three defining characteristics of the adaptive immune response (specifically, memory, and tolerance) be in place to maintain a functional and affective adaptive immune system?
(c)A child is stung by a bee at the beginning of the summer and has mild swelling and itching at the site of the siting. In late summer, the child is stung again, but this time rapidly develops anaphylaxis and is diagnosed with type I hypersensitivity to bee venom.If the child is allergic to bee venom, why was there no reaction after the first bee sting? What specificially happened after the first sting that led to the allergic reaction?
(d) Why is the secondary immune response stronger than a primary response in regard to antibodies?
(e) Describe the binding site for superantigens on T cells and APCs. How does this relate to the activation of a much larger population of T cells than normal upon exposure to superantigens?
Explanation / Answer
a. Antiserum is used to provide passive immunity and consist of serum derived from human and non human containing polyclonal antibodies. Yes, the person will have long lasting immunity. The person developed the immunity against the snake venom because when first time the person get bitten by snake, the body of that person has released antibodies against the snake toxin and when second time the person have snake venom, body produce the antibodies against the same antigen. This is called as secondary response of immune system which is faster then the primary response.
b. All the defining characteristics of adaptive response should be in place because the function of adaptive immunity is to destroy the pathogen or it's toxin, hence it is destructive in nature. Hence, it is important that all defining characteristics to remain functional when so as to recognize any foreign body enter in the host and not the host itself.
c. Bee sting release venomous toxin that causes allergy. Bee venom contains proteins that cause the activation of immune system to fight with bee toxin. Child first time not get reaction after first sting because in the first time, Child body was not having antibodies generated against bee toxin.
d. The second immune response is stronger than the primary because when the body get exposed to the same antigen many times, body produces enough antibodies to fight with infection.
e. Superantigen are the type antigens that result in the non specific activation of T cell that release polyclonal antibodies which kill the many types on antigen and T cell activation induces the release of cytokines, hence many T cells are activated.
Related Questions
Navigate
Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.