2. (8pts each) Short response (max 2 sentences each IN YOUR OWN WORDS) A. How ar

Question

2. (8pts each) Short response (max 2 sentences each IN YOUR OWN WORDS) A. How are caspases prevented from signaling the cell for apoptosis until the appropriate time? B. Please provide a specific mechanism that TURNS OFF the following signaling molecules that are commonly found in RTK pathways. Also, please circle which one(s) need to be "tuned off for the signaling response to be stopped Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: Ras-GTPase: MAP Kinase Kinase: Calcium (Ca2): C. Please circle whether the following proteins are proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressors: i. Caspases i. DNA damage checkpoint protein (ex. p53)proto-oncogene tumor suppressor ili G1/S-phase cyclin (ex. Cyclin D) iv. Wee1 D. Please state whether you agree or disagree with the following, and provide your reasoning: proto-oncogene tumor suppressor proto-oncogene tumor suppressor proto-oncogene tumor suppressor Treating cells with cholera toxin (which activates Gs proteins) or with pertussis toxin (which inhibits Gi proteins) leads to similar relative changes in cAMP levels in the cell. DISAGREE Circle: or Reasoning

Explanation / Answer

(2) A

Caspases are enzymes which are synthesized in cells as catalytically inactive zymogens (procaspases). They must undergo an activation (proteolytic cleavage) process to initiate apoptosis process. An initiator caspase such as Caspase -9 is autoactivated under apoptotic conditions and effector caspase, such as caspase-3 or -7, are cleaved to their active forms (proteolytic cleavage at aspartic acid residues).

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