3. What does signal transduction do? What molecules participate in this process?

Question

3. What does signal transduction do? What molecules participate in this process? Where these molecules are usually located? What are the common cellular responses to the signal transduction pathways?

4. What technologies can help you detect gene expression in small scale of some genes and in large scale of thousands of genes? What is DNA microarray?

5. What effects does cell differentiation have in gene expression? Can terminally differentiated plant cells retain totipotent in normal cell culture? Is cloning sexual or asexual reproduction?

6. What technology is needed for animal cloning? What is called the aggregate of cell mass that can be transferred to the surrogate mother to give birth of the cloned the animal? What traits or phenotypes would a cloned animal show, the donor of the nucleus, or the donor of the eggs, or the surrogate mother animal?

7. What is the difference of reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning? What cells are needed for therapeutic cloning? What source do these cells come from? Where can you find adult stem cells? Are adult stem cells totipotent?

Explanation / Answer

Please find the answers below:

Answer 4:

Part 1: Signal transduction refers to a mechanism in which a stimulus causes activation of a battery of sequential intracellular events ultimately leading to observance of a physiological effect in the cell in terms of gene expression, protein biochemical changes, metabolism etc. Thus, depending upon the nature of stimulus/stress, cell type and physiological condition of the cell, the nature of signal transduction varies.

Part 2: A variety of molecules participate in signal transduction ranging from cell-surface receptor proteins, trans-membrane channel proteins, high-energy molecules such as ATP, GTP etc, cyclic regulators of signal transduction such as cAMP, ions (cations and anions), transcription factors etc.

Part 3: The location of these molecules is highly diverse in nature. For example, ions are generally stored in the endoplasmic reticulum or vacuoles of the cells, ATP and GTP are generally found in the mitochondria as well as the cytosol, transcription factors can be found in cytosol as well as nucleus, other proteinaceous intermediates are generally found in the cytosol.

Part 4: Some of the common cellular responses with regard to the signal transduction represent change in gene expression, nerve impulse transmission, muscular contraction/relaxation, transmission of electrical impulse across the Purkinje fibres of the heart etc.

Related Questions

Navigate

• Browse (All)
• Browse 3
• Subjects

Integrity-first tutoring: explanations and feedback only — we do not complete graded work. Learn more.