1.How do drugs such as Viagra (Pfizer) act to treat erectile dysfunction? Consid
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Question
1.How do drugs such as Viagra (Pfizer) act to treat erectile dysfunction? Considering the cellular actions of drugs such as Viagra, why are these drugs not recommended for use by individuals who are taking nitroglycerine tablets for angina? Can you think of any other potential pharmacological strategies that might be used? Which molecules might be targeted for stimulation or inhibition in the arterial or cavernous smooth muscle cells?
2.If a genetic female fetus is exposed to testosterone in utero, would that individual develop a complete male phenotypic sex, partial male phenotypic sex, or a normal female phenotypic sex? Explain your answer, describing the sex phenotype of the gonads, internal genital ducts and external genitalia. What would the developmental outcomes be if the fetus were instead exposed to dihydrotestosterone in utero?
3.Individuals with Addison’s disease commonly exhibit an increased pigmentation of the skin. Propose a mechanism that can account for the development of this symptom.
Explanation / Answer
2)Testosterone is called male hormone as it is founf high in male and significant for the male phenotypic and sexual characters.Any manipulation in the testosterone prenatal or neonatal stage may cause change on behavioral nature in boys and girls as it alter brain region.
When female fetus is exposed with abnormal level of androgen testosterone in the womb results in the disorder called congenital adrenal hyperplasia(CAH) or called partial phenotypic sex.In this condition the female child produce excess androgen which shows certain behavioral changes which matches with the boys play mate activities.Various others hormonal disorders like PCOS,hyperandrogenism,hyperinsulinemia,increased adiposity.Change in morphological characters are absence of nipples,increased anogenital distance,agenesis of lower birth canal and male like tissues.Some external and internal reproductiv organ developmental variation are also reported eg,Clitoromegaly,fused labia,
Female fetus exposed to dihydrotestosterone cuse female with masculinized body make up,stabilized wolffian duct and increased anogenital distance,male like external structures,fluid distention of uterus,no nipples and birth canal opening.
3)Addison's diseases-It is an autoimmune endocrine disorder or hormonal disorder caused by functional failure of adrenal gland to produce hormone which is significant for maintaining body mechanisms.Addison's disorder comes under primary adrenal insufficiency.It cause due to damage in adrenal gland which leads to secretion of adrenl hormone cortisol insufficiency.
Symptoms are,weight loss,loss of apetite,abdominal discomfert,fatigue,vomiting,lower blood pressure,hypoglycemia,irregular menstrual cycle and hyperpigmentation and skin darkening.
These pigmentations are found in elbows,toes,knuckles,lips and mucus membranes.
Pigmentation is caused due to excessive production of ACTH and MSH(melanocyte stimulating hormone).The POMC(Pro-opiomelanocortin) of anterior pituitary cleaves into ACTH ,yMHS and beta lipotropin.ACTH furthure cleaves to form alpha MHS which is root cause for pigmentation.Incresed melanin production by melanocytes which is byproduct of ACTH cause bronzing of particular parts of the skin.
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